5479933
Description
Flashcards by Chloe Osei, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Chloe Osei
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is freedom? | The absence of hinderance |
| What is the context in which Hobbes is writing | Writing as an Englishman distrustful of the power of the Roman Catholic church and its pagan influences of Aristotle through writers such as Aquinas. Also during the english civil war, his works are an attempt unite people independent of their religious beliefs |
| Give a quote from a writer who is explains this | "His writings tries to get out a basis for political obligation that can gain the assent of everyone, what ever their beliefs" Roger Trigg - Ideas of human nature |
| What is the state of nature of Hobbes | He denies free will as human action is driven by appetite, each individual chooses the route to take for preservation and danger arises when these two conflict |
| For Hobbes are men equal? | They are roughly equal in terms of strength and intellect, man has the right to self preservation but they may kill one other if they are percieved as a threat |
| What does the state of nature lend itself towards | Lends itself toward war but not because we are inherently evil. Its because we seek in a world of scarcity and leads to "war of all against all" |
| What is the latin for "War of all against all?" | Bellum ominum contra omnes |
| What is his solution? | Leviathan, a supreme being in which all sovereignty is held and all much agree to submit |
| What do subjects get in return | The civil rights of the individual are protected but they are entitled to resit orders if they go against natural law |
| Bible quote he uses | "Upon earth there is not one who is made without fear" Job 41:33 |
| Problems with Hobbesian approach | No way of holding the soverign to account, he uses a literal historical reading of the bible for his own purposes. No recognition that the coersive powers the soverign holds can be abused |
| What is the problem of using literal historical citique of the bible | Presents a modern view of history imposed on an ancient text |
| Quote from Critics of the Bible Drury | "he screened off their religious significance and treated them simply as historical documents to be chronologically ordered" |
| What does Rousseau say about Hobbesian approach? | He fails to see that property and the need to defend it is the reason for war |
| What is the state of nature for Locke? | Civil society rights and duties to one another independent of political power, all men have the same advantage of nature and use of the same facilities. People in the state ought not to harm one aother in life, property, liberty and health |
| What is the role of the state? | To join together the power of people together to enforce law of nature, arises out of mans desire for peace but capacity of evil |
| When is power legitimate? | When it rests on consent |
| Can consent be withdrawn | Yes in favour of rebellion or revolution, no civil society if power is taken with force |
| What is Locke's main aim | Asserting the rights of the citizen against the sovereign |
| What is property | Property is an integral part of man's natural right, starting at creation. God has given the earth and its fruits all for substinance |
| Explain his main texts in favour of this form of government | Two treatise of Governmnet 1. Attacks sir Albert Filmer on the divine of kings 2. Argues a rulers right to command is dependent on upholding natural rights including property |
| What does Rousseau say about Locke | Fails to see that property is a part of the integral problem? |
| What is the biggest problem for Rousseau concerning both Hobbes and Locke? | They have creating a great hoax in which the rich are pulling over the poor and seeding power to a sovereign. In war the rich have the most to loose |
| What is the state of nature for Rousseau? | It pre-exists society, language and culture, human condition is shaped by self preservation - people are inherently good because they are incapable of anything else. |
| What is the idea of the Noble savage? | Primative people are naturally good and driven by the concern of the suffering of others. Corruption only comes when societies are formed |
| How are group identities formed? | By scarcity not by association, cooperation brings about jealousies and warfare |
| What is the negative by-product of governing? | Inequality, competition, rivalry and greed aren't natural traits but they are manufactured through the rules of governing society. |
| What is private property for Rousseau? | Represents the biggest threat to natural freedoms of human beings, there is no natural rights to private property. The relation of authroity built around private property caused man's decline |
| What is Rousseau's solution? | The social contract (1762) the state must not supress natural conflict but realise it, the basis of power is from the people |
| What is the general will? | A sovereign body which advocates a social pact of equality of citizenship and recognises the commonality of interests on which the decisions are made |
| Problems? | On a state level it looks totalitarian as he envisions in a small city rather than over the state as a whole |
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