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Description
Flashcards by jsmwilliams, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jsmwilliams
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| tree of life with three domains | eukarya bacteria and archaea share prokaryotic ancestor. Bacteria is outgroup and euk and archaea are sister taxa. |
| gram positive | cell wall outer membrane peptidogly layer small, plasma membrane |
| gram negative | thick peptidogly. cell wall then plasma membrane |
| steps to mating in yeast cells | 1. exchange of mating factors- bond to receptor sites. 2. cells fuse now they have same looking mating sites 3. nuclei form one w/ all genes from both cells |
| transduction | cytoplasm: signal molecules are bound and change the receptor protein in a way to initiate the mating response |
| prokaryote vs eukaryote | pro: dna in nucleioud, nucleiod not enclosed, no membrane enclose organelles, cell walls made of cellulose or chitin euk: dna in the nucleus, double membrane nucleus, membrane organelles, cell walls made of peptidoglycan |
| what is biofilm? why important? | a grouping of bacterial cells adhering to a surface secreting signal molec. - important in cell signaling to cause colonies to grow, makes bacteria diff. to kill once on matrix |
| cell signaling steps | reception- target cell detects chemical signaling molecule from other cell transduction- binding of the cells mating factors to receptors and their fusion response- 2 nuclei = 1 nucleus |
| binary fission | bacteria and archaea asexually reproduce by chromosome replication , elongation then splitting- doesn't involve mitosis |
| plasmids | small rings of independently replicating dna in the -nucleiod? |
| pilus | projections/appendage that pull cells together before dna transfer |
| peptidoglycan | polymer of mod. sugars cross linked with short polypeptides- make up bacterial cell wall. not in archaea cell walls. |
| flagella | aid in cell motility: in prok, smaller than in euks and not covered by plasma membrane |
| gram stain | find difference in bacterial cell wall comp |
| transformation and transduction | 1. genotype of cell is altered by the uptake of foreign dna in its environment 2. viruses carry prok. genes from one cell to another |
| lateral gene transfer | movement of genes from one org to another of a different species, genomes |
| aerobes vs anaerobes | aerobes need O2 for resp. anaerobes do not- they use other org molecules |
| N fixation | how prok. metabolize N needed for AAs by coverting atmos. N2 -> NH3 |
| archaea vs bacteria | arch: no peptidglycan wall, different memb lipids, more polymerases, extremophiles, |
| mechanisms of lateral gene transfers in prokaryotes | transformation, transduction, conjugation and transfer by plasmids and viruses |
| conjugation | method of lateral gene transfer in which prokaryotes transfer dna by being temporarily joined by a pilus |
| rRNA | facilitate protein synthesis |
| domain | top tier: eukarya, prokarya and archaea |
| chemoautotroph | prokaryotes: org that gets energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and only needs CO2 for carbon |
| chemoheterotroph | mostly prokaryotes, fungi animals plants:org that needs organic molecules for energy and carbon |
| photoautotroph | photosynth. bacteria: org that uses light energy to synth organic compounds needs co2 |
| photoheterotroph | aquatic prokaryotes: an org that uses light energy to make atp but needs carbon in the organic form-- |
| the role of rRNA in phylogenies | - rna is ancient - all living orgs have it - has a role in translation showing lack of likelihood of lateral transfer between distant relatives - slow evolution of rRNA so gene sequences can be aligned with homologies |
| phylotyping | classifying orgs by their phenotypic similarities |
| anaerobic vs aerobic metabolism | 1. no oxygen needed 2. oxygen needed for cellular respiration |
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