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Flashcards by ashiana121, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ashiana121
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Where/who did the first major contribution to the sociological understanding of suicide come from? | Emile Durkheim, late 19th century |
| What is positivism? | The belief that society should be studies scientifically and objectively |
| According to positivism, what should the goal of sociology be? | To produce laws to explain observed patterns in human behaviour |
| Durkheim believed that he could show suicide has ______ causes | social |
| For Durkheim, the suicide rate is a ______ ____ | Social fact |
| What type of data did Durkheim study? | Quantitative data from official statistics Suicide rates in various European countries |
| How many regular patterns did he identify? | Four |
| 1. | Suicide rates for a given society remained constant over time |
| 2. | When the rates changed, it coincided with other changes (war, recession, prosperity) |
| 3. | Different societies have different rates |
| 4. | Within a society, rates varied between different social groups Catholics lower than protestants Single more than married Rich more than poor |
| What were these patterns evidence of? | That suicide rates cannot be simply be the result of the motives of individuals |
| Durkheim explains the suicide rate as the effect of ______ _______ _______ ____ ___________ | Social forces acting upon individuals |
| In different social groups, these forces act with different intensities, resulting in... | Different suicide rates for different social groups |
| How many social forces does Durkheim identify that act on individuals and determine suicide rates? | 2 |
| What are they? | Social integration Moral regulation |
| What is meant by social integration? | The extent to which individuals experience a sense of belonging to a group High integration = strong bonds and sense of duty |
| What is meant by moral regulation? | The extent to which individuals actions and desires are kept in check by norms and values |
| In relation to these, what does Durkheim argue suicide results from? | Too much or too little integration and regulation |
| This gives a classification system of suicide. How many types of suicide are there in this classification system? | Four |
| What are the names of these? | Egoistic Altruistic Anomic Fatalistic |
| Which two are typical of pre-industrial societies? | Altruistic Fatalistic |
| What type of society are egoistic and anomic suicides typical of? | Industrial socieities |
| Egoistic suicides result from... | Too LITTLE integration |
| Anomic suicides result from... | Too LITTLE regulation |
| Which does Durkheim argue is the most common type of suicide? | Egoistic |
| Egoistic suicides are caused by excessive _____________ a lack of ______ ____ and obligation to others | Excessive individualism Lack of social ties |
| What do anomic suicides refer to? | Caused by too little moral regulation 'normlessness' deregulation Societies norms become unclear due to rapid social change Creates uncertainty |
| Fatalistic and altruistic suicides are typical of pre-industrial societies. Which one is caused by TOO MUCH integration? | Altruistic |
| Explain altruistic suicides | Caused by too much social integration Putting others before oneself Individual has little value Group interests override that of the individual Self-sacrifice for the good of the group |
| Fatalistic suicides are caused by TOO MUCH what? | Moral regulation |
| What does this mean? | Individuals believe they can do nothing to change their fate Found where society excessively controls individuals e.g Slaves and prisoners |
| Out of the two types of society, modern industrial and traditional pre-industrial, which has higher levels of integration and regulation? | Pre-industrial |
| What 2 types of suicide does this mean are typical of pre-industrial societies? | Altruistic - high integration Fatalistic - high regulation |
| Who are responsible for the other positivist approach to explaining suicide? | Gibbs and Martin |
| What is their main argument about Durkheim's study? | He fails to operationalise the concept of integration |
| How do Gibbs and Martin go on to define integration? | A situation where there are stable and lasting relationships |
| Where, do Gibbs and Martin argue these tend to occur? | When an individual has status integration - compatible status' that do not conflict with one another |
| Gibbs and Martin predict that in societies where there is little status integration (e.g where well educated people are forced to work low status jobs) suicide rates will be... | Higher |
| What is another argument of Durkheim study? | Data is unreliable and incomplete |
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