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Description
Flashcards by Sophie Burk, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sophie Burk
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Name all four macronutrients and their processes | carbohydrates: fuel, energy storage, DNA fats: fuel, energy storage, hormones, precursur of bile acid protein: fuel, structure, transport, communication, enxymes, protection water: transport, thermoregulation, excretion, lubrication |
| Name the two types of micronutrients and their processes | vitamins: energy release from macronutrients, metabolism, bone health, immunity minerals/trace elements: mineralization of bones + teeth, blood oxygen transport, pH |
| Define the chemical composition of glucose | C6H1206 looks like a hectagon |
| Explain how glucose molecules can combien to form disaccrhrides and polysacchrides | condensation reactions. linking of a monosacchride to another mono/di/poly by the removal of a water molecule |
| Describe Triacylglycerol fat | three fatty acids + glycerol |
| Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fats | saturated fats: contain a hydrogen atom, and no double bonds between carbon molecules unsaturated fats: do not have hydrogen atoms but have one or more double bonds within the fatty acid chain (un/saturated with hydrogen atom) |
| Describe fatty acids | hydrocarbon chains, normal fat = 3 fatty acids + triglyceride |
| State the chemical composition of a protein molecule and name the two amino acid types | nitrogen (carbs don't have this) carbon, hydrogen , oxygen essential amino acid: cannot be made by body, diet supplied non-essential amino acid: can be synthesized by body, non-essential in diet |
| State the dietary recommendations (%) for micronutrients | carbs: 50% fats: 30% (most should be mono- and poly-) protein:20% |
| Describe the increased dietary and hydration requirements of an athlete | more carbs to store increased glycogen in muscles for energy, less refined sugars that accelerate dehydration protein: consume 1.2/1.4g/kg to synthesize hormones and enzymes hydrate: urine should be pale yellow, beverages should contain electrolytes to continue to transmit nerve signals |
| State the energy content per 100g of fats, carbs and proteins | fats: 4000 kj carbs: 1760 kj protein: 1720 kj |
| Define metabolism | the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions within cells of living organism, allow reproduction, environment response |
| Define anabolism | metabolic pathways that construct molecules, require energy |
| Define catabolism and it's two types | metabolic pathways that break down molecules (like carbs), release energy anaerobic catabolism: does not require oxygen, working out aerobic catabolism: requires oxygen |
| Describe the functions of glycogen and it's storage sites | main storage form of glucose, stored primarily in cells + liver in the muscles, secondary long-term energy storage (first=fast in adipose tissue) |
| Define lipolysis (and hydrolysis) | (hydrolysis: the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water) lipolysis: the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids. |
| Describe the functions of insulin | induces synthesize of glycogen, storing glucose for future need, takes fat from blood stream while inhibiting lipolysis in fat stores and the breakdown of proteins |
| Describe glycogenolysis and lipolysis | glycogenolysis: the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose and its release into the blood (glycogen (n) = glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1) ) lipolysis: the breakdown of stored lipid (and the subsequent breakdown into respiration) |
| Describe glucagon and adrenaline during faster and exercise | glucagon: (opposite to insulin) stimulates glycogenolysis for energy use adrenalin: also causes glycogenolysis |
| Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise carbo-loading | muscle contraction and insulin stimulate glucose uptake from the blood to the sketela muslce |
| (generalized animal cell) | |
| (ultrastructure of a mitochondrion) | |
| Describe cell respiration and what product it creates | catabolic pathway occurring inside the cell, uses oxygen and organic food to produce ATP |
| Describe the Krebs Cycle | a.k.a the citric acid cycle a system of chemical reactions that take place in all aerobic organisms to produce ATP for energy |
| Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a phosphate molecule | ATP works by losing the last phosphate molecule (instructed by enzyme), reaction releases a lot of energy, which can then use to build proteins, contract muscles, etc. converted into ADP + phosphate molecule if 2 phosphate groups are removed it becomes AMP. When the body is resting and energy is not immediately needed, the reverse reaction takes place and the phosphate group is reattached to the molecule using energy obtained from food. ATP molecule acts as a chemical 'battery', storing energy when it is not needed, but able to release it instantly when the body requires it. |
| Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction | ATP is critical for muscle contractions because it breaks the myosin-actin cross-bridge, freeing the myosin for the next contraction. |
| Describe the resynthesis of ATP by the ATP-CP system | Creatine phosphate (a high energy molecule) is broken down to provide energy for the re-synthesis of ATP that has been utilized during the initial stages of exercise. phosphocreatine (PC) --> phosphate (Pi) + creatine (C) + energy |
| Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system | the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is then converted into lactic acid, which limits the amount of ATP produced. energy produced is used to produced ATP used for high to medium intensity activities lasting no longer than 2 minutes. |
| Describe the phenomenon of oxygen deficit | the difference between the amount of oxygen consumed during exercise and the amount that would have been consumed if aerobic respiration occurred immediately. |
| Describe the phenomenon of oxygen debt | known as (EPOC) excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, where the demand for oxygen is greater than the supply, body taps into anaerobic metabolism for energy, lactic acid build-up |
| Describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty acids by the aerobic system | In the presence of oxygen pyruvate is converted to Acetyl Co A and is processed by the Krebs cycle which liberates electrons that are passed through the electron transport chain producing energy (ATP). Fats are also broken down by beta oxidation that liberates a greater number of electrons thus more ATP. In the presence of oxygen and in extreme cases protein is also utilized. |
| Discuss the system's contributions during exercise: ATP-PC system | produces energy the quickest, peaks around 5s, is exhausted after 12-15s |
| Discuss the system's contributions during exercise: Lactic Acid System | peaks around 15s, starts to decline after, opportunity to metabolize by-products therefore allowing it to contribute additional energy for a burst of higher intensity work |
| Discuss the system's contributions during exercise: Aerobic System | begins at 55s, steady state is acheieved, energy demands are being met, continues to increase until it a) meets energy demands, b) the event finishes, c) max oxygen consumption is reached |
| Evaluate the systems contributions to different types of exercise | the amount of an energy system used to complete the action: sprinting would use mostly ATP-PC + LAS marathon would use mostly AES |
| How do protein molecules differ from carbs in chemical structure | carbs: oxygen, hydrogen, carbon proteins: nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon |
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