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| Question | Answer |
| What are the three stages of cell formation? | > Cleavage > Formation of Blastula > Development of 3 germ layers (gastrulation) |
| What occurs in the cleavage stage? | > a rapid division of zygote into small cells > Formation of blastomeres > Embryo is divided in 2 = Animal pole (ectoderm) and vegetal pole (endoderm) |
| What is a gastrula? | A blastula which consists of a hallow blastocyst cavity and contains 32 cells in total. |
| What process is important to development? | Differentiation and specialization of cells |
| What are the three germ layers? | > Endoderm > Mesoderm > Ectoderm |
| What does each germ layer form? | > Endoderm forms from the vegetal pole and creates internal tissues (pancreas, liver, lining of stomach) > Mesoderm only forms if endo & ecto are touching. creates heart, circulatory system, skeleton. > Ectoderm - forms from animal pole, create external tissues (hair, nails) |
| What are the important inductive signals and what do they create? | |
| What are the 4 types of stem cells? | > Totipotent - can give rise to any tissue. > Pluripotent - cannot make placenta, only adult cells. > Multipotent - only limited No. cells. > Unipotent - only makes one cell type. |
| What is Organogenesis? | > Formation of organs in their proper locations. Occurs between germ layers. |
| What is Morphogenesis? | Where growth is regulated. For example cell growth and shape. |
| What is meant by 'polar epithelial cells'? | Cell has a apical surface and a basal surface which determines polarity. Basal surface acts as scaffolding while apical is the top surface, may contain mircovilli etc. |
| What is the first level of epithelial classification? | Simple cells which are flat, one layer. Can be divided into sqaumous, cuboidal and columnar cells. |
| What is the second level of epithelial classification? | Stratified, stacked cells. Can be divided into sqaumous, cuboidal and columnar cells. |
| What are the 4 types of connective tissue? | > Connective tissue proper > Cartilage > Bone tissue > blood |
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? | > Skeletal (ligaments) > Cardiac (heart) > Smooth (stomach) |
| What are the 3 lining membranes? | > Cutaneous (skin -kerantinized) > Mucus (respiratory) > Serous (surrounds organs) |
| What are Glandular cells? | Cells which secrete substances and are either exocrine or endocrine |
| What are the 3 modes of secretion? | > Merocrine - exocytosis > Apocrine - releases vesicles > Holocrine - cell bursts |
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