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Description
Flashcards by Serenity Brooks, updated 2 months ago
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Created by Serenity Brooks
2 months ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Disease | is any condition in which the normal structure or functions of the body are damaged or impaired. |
| Infection | is the successful colonization of a host by a microorganism. |
| Signs of disease are... | objective and measurable, and can be directly observed by a clinician (ex. blood pressure or body temperature) |
| Symptoms of disease are... | Subjective, and can not be clinically observed or measured (ex. nausea or pain) |
| Syndrome | A specific group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease |
| Infectious disease | any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen. |
| Communicable infectious diseases | infectious diseases capable of being spread from person to person through either direct or indirect mechanisms. |
| Contagious diseases | infectious communicable diseases that are easily spread from one person to another |
| Iatrogenic diseases | Diseases that are contracted as the result of a medical procedure |
| Nosocomial diseases | Diseases acquired in hospital settings |
| Zoonotic disease (or zoonosis) | A disease transmitted to humans from animals |
| Noncommunicable infectious disease | diseases that are not spread from one person to another (ex. tetanus) |
| Noninfectious diseases | Diseases not caused by pathogens |
| Inherited diseases | A genetic disease |
| Congenital diseases | Disease that is present at or before birth |
| Degenerative diseases | Progressive, irreversible loss of function |
| Nutritional deficiency diseases | Impaired body function due to lack of nutrients |
| Endocrine diseases | Disease involving malfunction of glands that release hormones to regulate body functions |
| Neoplastic diseases | Abnormal growth (benign or malignant) |
| Idiopathic diseases | Disease for which the cause is unknown |
| incubation period | period between encountering the pathogen and developing noticeable symptoms |
| Prodromal period | Period in which symptoms of a disease are starting to be noticeable, and the activation of the immune system occurs |
| Period of illness | the period in which the signs and symptoms of disease are most obvious and severe |
| Period of decline | A period in which the number of pathogen particles begins to decrease, and the signs and symptoms of illness begin to decline |
| Period of convalescence | A period in which the patient returns to normal functions, unless the disease has permanently affected them |
| Acute disease | pathologic changes occur over a relatively short time (e.g., hours, days, or a few weeks) and involve a rapid onset of disease conditions (ex. influenza) |
| Chronic disease | Pathologic changes can occur over longer time spans (e.g., months, years, or a lifetime). |
| Latent diseases | the causal pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication. |
| Pathogenicity | The ability of a microbial agent to cause disease |
| Virulence | the degree to which an organism is pathogenic |
| median infectious dose (ID50) | the number of pathogen cells or virions required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals. |
| Median lethal dose (LD50) | the number of pathogenic cells, virions, or amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals. |
| A primary pathogen can... | cause disease in a host regardless of the host’s resident microbiota or immune system. |
| An opportunistic pathogen can... | only cause disease in situations that compromise the host’s defenses, such as the body’s protective barriers, immune system, or normal microbiota. |
| exposure/contact | An encounter with a potential pathogen |
| adhesion | the capability of pathogenic microbes to attach to the cells of the body using adhesion factors |
| adhesins | Molecules (either proteins or carbohydrates) found on the surface of certain pathogens and bind to specific receptors (glycoproteins) on host cells. |
| invasion | the dissemination of a pathogen throughout local tissues or the body. |
| local infection | An infection confined to a small area of the body, typically near the portal of entry. |
| focal infection | a localized pathogen, or the toxins it produces, can spread to a secondary location. |
| systemic infection | When an infection becomes disseminated throughout the body |
| primary infection | the initial infection caused by one pathogen |
| secondary infection | An infection that occurs as a result of a primary infection by a secondary pathogen |
| bacteremia | the presence of bacteria in the blood |
| pyemia | . Bacteremia involving pyogens (pus-forming bacteria) |
| viremia | When viruses are found in the blood, |
| toxemia | describes the condition when toxins are found in the blood. |
| septicemia | when bacteria are both present and multiplying in the blood |
| shock | a life-threatening decrease in blood pressure (systolic pressure <90 mm Hg) that prevents cells and organs from receiving enough oxygen and nutrients. |
| toxins | biological poisons |
| toxigenicity | The ability of a pathogen to produce toxins to cause damage to host cells |
| The two types of toxin | Endotoxin and exotoxins |
| Endotoxin | The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria |
| Exotoxin | are protein molecules that are produced by a wide variety of living pathogenic bacteria. |
| Intracellular targeting toxins | A-B toxins; "B" binds to receptor of host cell (and A). Then A is released into cell, interfering with intracellular processes. |
| Membrane-disrupting toxins | Toxins that degrade or make pores in the host cell's phospholipid bilayer |
| Superantigens | exotoxins that trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines (chemical messengers). The excessive production of cytokines, often called a cytokine storm, elicits a strong immune and inflammatory response that can cause life-threatening high fevers, low blood pressure, multi-organ failure, shock, and death. |
| antigenic variation | the alteration of surface proteins so that a pathogen is no longer recognized by the host’s immune system. |
| antigenic drift | is the result of point mutations causing slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). |
| antigenic shift | a major change in spike proteins due to gene reassortment. This reassortment for antigenic shift occurs typically when two different viruses infect the same host. |
| epidemiology | The study of the geographical distribution and timing of infectious disease occurrences and how they are transmitted and maintained in nature, with the goal of recognizing and controlling outbreaks. |
| etiology | the study of the causes of disease |
| morbidity | The state of being diseased |
| prevalence | the number, or proportion, of individuals with a particular illness in a given population at a point in time |
| incidence | is the number or proportion of new cases in a period of time. |
| sporadic diseases | Diseases that are seen only occasionally, and usually without geographic concentration |
| endemic diseases | Diseases that are constantly present (often at a low level) in a population within a particular geographic region |
| epidemic diseases | Diseases for which a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region |
| pandemic disease | An epidemic that occurs on a worldwide scale |
| etiologic/causative agent | the cause of the disease |
| notifiable/reportable diseases | diseases considered to be of public health importance on a national scale. |
| Who is John Snow? | a British physician known as the father of epidemiology for determining the source of the 1854 Broad Street cholera epidemic in London |
| Common source spread | a case in which there is a single source for all of the individuals infected |
| Point source spread | a case in which the common source of an infection operates for a short time period—less than the incubation period of the pathogen |
| Continuous common source spread | a case in which the infection occurs for an extended period of time, longer than the incubation period |
| Intermittent common source spread | a case in which infections occur for a period, stop, and then begin again. |
| Propagated spread | occurs through direct or indirect person-to-person contact. With propagated spread, there is no single source for infection; each infected individual becomes a source for one or more subsequent infections. |
| Who is Florence Nightingale? | Analyzed data for causes of illnesses and death of war in 1854. She determined that the leading cause of death was infectious disease |
| Who is Joseph Lister? | He provided early epidemiological evidence leading to good public health practices in clinics and hospitals. |
| Observational study | data are gathered from study participants through measurements (such as physiological variables like white blood cell count), or answers to questions in interviews (such as recent travel or exercise frequency); No manipulation of subjects |
| Descriptive epidemiology | gathers information about a disease outbreak, the affected individuals, and how the disease has spread over time in an exploratory stage of study |
| Analytical epidemiology | employs carefully selected groups of individuals in an attempt to more convincingly evaluate hypotheses about potential causes for a disease outbreak. The selection of cases is generally made at random, so the results are not biased because of some common characteristic of the study participants (can be retrospective or prospective) |
| Retrospective studies | gather data from the past on present-day cases |
| Prospective studies | follow individuals and monitor their disease state during the course of the study. |
| Cohort method | examines groups of individuals (called cohorts) who share a particular characteristic. |
| Case-control studies | typically retrospective and compare a group of individuals with a disease to a similar group of individuals without the disease; far more efficient than cohort studies because researchers can deliberately select subjects who are already affected with the disease as opposed to waiting to see which subjects from a random sample will develop a disease. |
| Cross-sectional study | analyzes randomly selected individuals in a population and compares individuals affected by a disease or condition to those unaffected at a single point in time. |
| Experimental epidemiology | uses laboratory or clinical studies in which the investigator manipulates the study subjects to study the connections between diseases and potential causative agents or to assess treatments. |
| Passive carrier | A carrier contaminated with the pathogen and can mechanically transmit it to another host; however, a passive carrier is not infected. |
| Active carrier | is an infected individual who can transmit the disease to others. An active carrier may or may not exhibit signs or symptoms of infection. |
| Asymptomatic carriers | Active carriers who do not present signs or symptoms of disease despite infection |
| Definitive host | the parasite’s preferred host in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity. |
| Intermediate hosts | in which the parasite goes through several immature life cycle stages or reproduces asexually. |
| Vehicle transmission | refers to the transmission of pathogens through vehicles such as water, food, and air |
| Mechanical transmission | is facilitated by a mechanical vector, an animal that carries a pathogen from one host to another without being infected itself |
| Biological transmission | when the pathogen reproduces within a biological vector that transmits the pathogen from one host to another |
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