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Description
Flashcards by lilli.atkin, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by lilli.atkin
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What happens at each step of the radical substitution of methane and bromine? | Initiation - UV light splits by homolytic fission Br to Br bond creating 2 Br free radicals Propagation - Br free radical reacts with methane to form HBr and CH3 free radical CH3 radical reacts with bromine to from CH3Br and a Br radical Termination - Radicals react with other radicals, so that all radicals are lost |
| What type of molecules react using electrophilic addition ? | electrophiles and nucleophiles, e.g an alkene and bromine |
| What conditions and reactants are needed for the hydration of ethene? | - Water -Temperature of 300C -H3PO4 catalyst -Pressure of 6MPa |
| What is a pi bond? | the side ways overlap of 2 adjacent p orbitals |
| What catalyses the reformation of straight chain alkanes? | Bimetallic catalysts; - platinum & rhenium -platinum & iridium |
| Why are alkanes reformed? | so they burn more smoothly and are more efficient |
| In a table compare bio-ethanol and biodiesel | Bio ethanol - made using yeast fermentation -can be mixed with ordinary petrol up to 5% in cars running on ordinary unleaded petrol Bio-diesel - produced from vegetable crops and can convert waste products into cooking oil etc -can be mixed with conventional diesel up to 5% |
| Define heterolytic fission | When a convalent bond is broken and one of the atoms receives both of the electrons from the convalent bond. resulting in the formation of 2 different ions. |
| Define homolytic fission | when a convalent bond is broken and each atom involved takes one electron from the bonded pair resulting in the formation on 2 radicals |
| What is an electrophile? | is the reactive ion or molecule that attacks an electron rich part of a molecule to form a new convalent bond An electron pair acceptor |
| What is a nucleophile? | a molecule;e or ion with a lone pair of electrons that can form a new convalent bond an electron pair donor |
| A steroisomer.... | has the same molecular formula but a different 3-D arrangement in space |
| Define homologous series | A group of compounds that have the same molecular formula and contain the same functional group. Each member in the series differs from the next by CH2 |
| State the formula of atom economy | (molecular mass of desire product/sum of the molecular masses of all products) x 100 |
| Give 2 alternatives to using landfill | incineration recycling biodegradable polymers feed stock |
| How is ethanol prepared in industry? | Hydration of ethene - react ethene with steam in the presence of phosphoric acid catalyst Fermentation -anaerobic fermentation of sugar |
| What is formed when you oxidize a; a) primary alcohol b) secondary alcohol | a) either a aldehyde (distillation) or carboxylic acid (when refluxed) b) ketone |
| What conditions are need to hydrolysis a halogenalkene? | Reagent; NAOH or KOH Conditions: solvent must be water and heated under a reflux Produces a primary alcohol |
| How can delta H be calulated? | -Q divided by moles |
| What does hess's law state? | if a reaction can take place by more than one route, the overall enthaply change fore the reaction is the same irrespective of the route taken, provided that the initial and final conditions are the same |
| What does Le Chatliers principle state? | that if a closed system at equilibrium is subject to a change the system will move to minimize the effect of the change |
| What happens to the Boltzmann distribution curve if temperature increases? | The distribution flattens and shifts to the right Showing the increase in the number of particles greater than or equal to the activation energy |
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