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Flashcards by ashiana121, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ashiana121
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| According to Marxists, society is divides into what two classes? | - The ruling class; capitalists; bourgeoisie - The subject class; working class; proletariat |
| What do the capitalist class own? | The means of production |
| How do capitalists make their profits? | By exploiting the labour of the working class |
| Who describes the education system as an 'ideological state apparatus'? | Althusser |
| Along with the ideological state apparatus, Althusser argues there is another element used by the state to keep them in power. What is this? | Repressive state apparatus |
| What is meant by the ideological state apparatus? | Controlling peoples ideas, values and beliefs |
| Give some examples of ISA's | Education system, religion, mass media |
| What does the repressive state apparatus do? | State use of force when necessary to control and repress the working class |
| Give some examples of RSA's | Courts, police, army |
| Althusser argues the education system performs two functions as an ISA. What are these two functions? | Reproduction and legitimation |
| What does Althusser mean by reprodution? | The education system reproduces class inequalities by failing each generation of working class pupils to ensure they end up in working class jobs like their parents |
| What does Althusser mean by legitimation? | Education legitimates class inequalities by producing ideologies that disguise its true cause - i.e inequality is inevitable and failure is the fault of the individual |
| Who argues that capitalist society needs a passive docile labour force? | Bowles and Gintis |
| How do they argue this is achieved? | Reproduction - the successive generations of workers need the ideas of submission and acceptance of low pay firmly planted in their minds |
| Bowles and Gintis argues there is a corresposdence principle between what two institutions? | School and work |
| What does this similarity produce? | New generations of workers ready to accept their lot and serve capitalism |
| Give some examples of the correspondence principle | Hierachy of authority - extrinsic satisfaction (merits and wages) - fragmentation of knowledge and tasks - competition and divisions among workers and pupils |
| Bowles and Gintis argue that the correspondence principle operates through what? | The hidden curriculum |
| What is the hidden curriculum? | Lessons that are learnt in school without directly being taught |
| What does this mean pupils passively accept? | Hierarchy, competition, alienation |
| What is 'meritocracy' and which 2 perspectives argue that it is the case in the education system? | Everyone has an equal chance & individuals' success is based on their own efforts - Functionalists and New Right |
| Why do Bowles and Gintis argue this is a myth? | Success is not based on ability or achievement; is is based on class background |
| What does this do to working class pupils? | Persuades them to accept inequality and their subordinate position as legitimate |
| In their studies, who did Bowles and Gintis argue got the best grades? | The obedient students |
| Who does this mean the education system rewards? | Those who conform to the qualities required by the future workforce |
| Who did Willis study? | 12 working class boys 'the lads' |
| What view of Bowles and Gintis did Willis reject? | The correspondence principle |
| Why was this? | The boys resisted the schools attempt to indoctrinate them rather than passively accepting the ruling class ideology |
| What type of subculture did the lads studied by Willis form? | Anti-school |
| How did they act in school? | They broke the rules e.g smoking, distrupting lessons, truanting |
| What was this anti-school subculture similar to? | The shop floor subculture of male manual workers |
| What did this explain? | Why the lads saw themselves as superior to females and conformist pupils (earoles) |
| For Willis, what was the irony in his study of the lads? | By resisting the schools ideologies, the lads subculture guarantees they will fail - ensuring they end up in the manual work capitalism wants them to perform |
| So, what does their resistance to school end up reproducing? | Class inequalities |
| Name some policies which Marxists believe have resulted in more direct capitalist control over education | Marketisation policies, the privatisation of some educational services, business sponsorship of state schools (academies) |
| According to these Marxists, what do capitalists also gain while the education system provides a willing workforce? | Profits |
| What do Postmodernists say the Marxist perspective is? | Out of date |
| Why do postmodernists argue that class divisions are no longer important? | in the post-Fordist economic system we are much more diverse and fragmented |
| What do postmodernists say is really there where Marxists see inequality? | Diversity and choice |
| Feminists argue that schools also reproduce what? | Patriarchy |
| What does McRobbie point out about Willis' study? | There we no females present |
| However what has Willis' study been the model for research into? | Gender, ethnicity and sexuality inequalities within the education system |
| Give an example of how Marxists argue among themselves | Bowles and Gintis - deterministic view; pupils passively accept indoctrination Willis - pupils may see through indoctrination and resist the school yet still end up in working class jobs |
| Willis has been criticised for ______________ the lads | Romanticising |
| How is it argued he does this? | Presenting them as working-class heroes despite their anti-social behaviour and sexist attitudes |
| Also, what is Willis' study of only 12 lads criticised unlikely to be? | Representative |
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