2703509
Description
Flashcards by Luca Cameron, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Luca Cameron
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Respiration is a ----- reaction | chemical |
| What is the word equation for respiration? | glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ENERGY |
| Glucose and oxygen are the (reactants/products) as Carbon dioxide and water are the (reactants/products). | reactants, product |
| There are 2 different types of respiration. What are they? | Aerobic & Anaerobic |
| Describe both types of respiration | Aerobic - uses air Anaerobic - without air |
| Which type of respiration is less efficient? How much energy does it release in comparison to the other? | Anaerobic respiration is less efficient, so it releases less energy! |
| For humans, write the word equation for anaerobic respiration | glucose --> lactic acid + ENERGY |
| To have a healthy diet, you need 5 nutrients as well as fibre & water. Name the 5 nutrients. | 1) Carbs 2) Proteins 3) Lipids (fats and oils) 4) Vitamins 5) Minerals |
| In what kinds of food can you find lipids and carbs? | Lipids --> butter/cooking oil Carbs --> bread/potatoes |
| The amount of energy you need each day depends on what? | 1) body mass (weight) 2) level of activity |
| the extra energy that you take in from you diet (more food than you need) will be stored in your body as ___ | fat |
| What can obesity lead to? | Health problems like high blood pressure or heart disease |
| What are the 2 different steps to breaking down food? | 1) mechanically 2) chemically |
| What is mechanical digestion? | Chewing with your teeth |
| What is chemical digestion? | Where your 8 bits of your digestive system break down food chemically with the help of different enzymes |
| What are the 8 different parts of our body that make up the digestive system (alimentary canal)? Name them in order | 1) mouth 2) oesophagus 3) stomach 4) liver 5) pancreas 6) large intestine 7) small intestine 8) rectum (anus) |
| Which enzyme is contained in saliva and what does it do? | amylase breaks down carbs |
| Which enzyme is found in the stomach and what does it do? | protease enzymes break down proteins |
| Which enzyme is found in the liver and what does it do? | Bile breaks down fats |
| Which enzymes does the pancreas make and what do each of them do? | Protease digests protein Carbohydrase digests carbs Lipase digests lipids (fats) |
| What happens in the large intestine? | The water is absorbed |
| What happens in the small intestine? | food is absorbed through the gut wall into the blood, which then takes it around the body to wherever its needed |
| What do enzymes do? | Break up the big molecules into smaller ones (e.g. to help it pass through the gut wall in the small intestine) |
| Where are the 'villi' in your body and what do they do? | They're in your small intestine and they absorb food |
| Give 3 physical features that villi has | 1) thin outer layer of cells (absorb) 2) good blood supply 3) large surface area for absorption |
| True of false: We have a lot of bacteria in the gut which is not good for us. | FALSE! Yes we do have bacteria in our guts but they're actually really good for us! |
| What/How does natural bacteria in our gut produce/help us | --produces enzymes --produce useful hormones --make useful vitamins (k) -- reduce possibility of harmful bacteria growing there |
| What are your lungs protected by? | Your ribcage |
| What is the diaphragm and what does it do? | It's a muscle that sits under the ribcage. It contracts and relaxes to help get the air in and out of your lungs |
| The air we breathe in goes through the -----. This splits into to parts called the -----. | trachea, bronchus (pl. bronchi) |
| The bronchi split into smaller tubes called -----, they end at smaller air sacs in the lungs called -----. This is where gas exchange takes place | bronchioles, alveoli |
| In the alveoli, how does gas exchange occur? | The oxygen inhaled pass out the alveoli into the bloodstream, and the waste product (CO2) get transferred back into the alveoli to be exhaled |
| Where does the oxygen that got inhaled, and passed into the bloodstream by the alveoli, go next? | To cells in need of energy |
| From the bloodstream, ----- is passed out to the cells, and ----- is passed from the cells into the bloodstream. | oxygen, carbon dioxide |
| When gases (O2, CO2) pass in and out of our bloodstream, this process is called ----- | diffusion |
| What happens in diffusion? | Where a substance moves from where there is a lot of it to where there is less of it |
| Give 3 reasons why our lungs are well adapted for gas exchange | 1) They're moist 2) They have a good blood supply 3) The alveoli give the lungs a big inside surface area |
| When you breathe in, your diaphragm moves up or down? | down |
| Name two things that can affect your gas exchange system | Any of these three: --exercise --asthma --smoking |
| Most cells in your body have a nucleus. The nucleus contains -----. They are molecules made up of your DNA | chromosomes |
| Human body cells have -- chromosomes, (-- pairs) but sperm and egg cells on carry -- chromosomes | 46, (23), 23 |
| The process by which genes are passed down from parents to their offspring is called ----- | heredity |
| Who were the first 2 scientists to build a model DNA? In what year? | Crick & Watson 1953 |
| The variation within a species basically have the same genes. Any difference that you can see is called a ----- ----- | characteristic feature |
| What are two different types of variation? | Continuous and Discontinuous |
| Describe each type of variation and give two examples | Continuous --> can vary over a range of values (e.g. height/weight/skin colour) Discontinuous --> can only take certain values (e.g. blood group/eye colour) |
| Use these four words to complete the sentence below: (melts, freezes, boils, condenses) A gas ----- to become a liquid. A liquid ----- to become a solid. A solid ---- to become a liquid. A liquid ----- to become a gas. | condenses freezes melts boils |
| On a graph, when heating and cooling, what happens when the line is flat? | its changing state |
| What is everything made up of? | ATOMS! (if you got that wrong, then there is no hope.. ;p) |
| What's an element? | A substance that only contains one type of atom. |
| What is it called when you have two or more atoms? | A compound |
| How are compounds formed? | Through chemical reactions |
| The atoms are ----- in a compound, but ----- in a mixture | joined & not joined |
| The periodic table lists all the ----- | ELEMENTS (not compounds!) |
| Who was the first person who invented the periodic table? | Mendeleev |
| When two different elements combine, the end of the new name is usually "---" When three or more different elements combine (and one of them is oxygen), the end of the new name is usually "---" | ide, ate |
| If two identical elements combine, does the name change? | NO! |
| What's a pure substance? | One type of element OR only one type of compound. |
| A pure substance can't be separated into anything simpler without a ----- reaction | chemical |
| Mixtures are not ----- joined up - therefore you can ---- them very easily using physical methods | chemically, separate |
| What do these 7 important words mean? -- solute -- solvent -- solution -- soluble -- insoluble -- saturated --solubility | 'Solute' - the solid being dissolved 'Solvent' - the liquid its dissolving into 'Solution' - mixture of a solute and a solvent that doesn't separate out 'Soluble' - means it WILL dissolve 'Insoluble' - will NOT dissolve 'Saturated' - a solution that won't dissolve any more solute at that temp. 'Solubility' - measure of how much solute will disolve |
| Answer the question: 20g of salt + 100g of water = ___g solution | 120 |
| Solubility increases with ----- | temperature |
| Name 4 ways in which mixtures can be separated | 1) Filtration 2) Evaporation 3) Chromatography 4) Distillation |
| Give 5 statements about metals | Choose either: - left side of periodic table - conduct electricity - conduct heat - strong and tough - shiny - sonorous (make sound) - malleable (easily shaped) - ductile - high melting and boiling points - high densities - make alloys with other metals - magnetic |
| Give 5 statements about Non-metals | Choose either: - right of periodic table - poor conductors of electricity - poor conductors of heat - not strong or hardwearing - dull - brittle - low melting and boiling points - low densities - not magnetic |
| TRUE or FALSE: Before and after a chemical reaction, no mass is lost or gained | TRUE |
| TRUE or FALSE: During a chemical reaction, new atoms are created | FALSE: Atoms are not created or destroyed. The atoms from before the reaction are still there after, but bonds get broken and bonds get made as the atoms rearrange themselves! |
| Name two examples of chemical reactions | 1) Combustion 2) Oxidation |
| What is combustion? | Its BURNING! A fuel reacts with oxygen to release energy. For combustion, you need: -fuel -heat -oxygen |
| What is oxidation? | The gain of oxygen! When a substance combines/reacts with oxygen. 'combustion' is an example of oxidation. Another example is rusting |
| What is thermal decomposition? | When a substance breaks down into at least two other substances when heated |
| In an (endothermic/exothermic) reaction, heat is given out. In an (endothermic/exothermic) reaction, heat is taken in. | exothermic endothermic |
| The earth has a -----, a ----- and a ----- | crust, mantle & core |
| Choose either 'mantle, core & crust': We live on the earth's -----, and below it lies the -----, which is above the earth's ----- | crust mantle core |
| As you go deeper into the mantle, the temperature (increases/decreases) | increases |
| What is the earth's core made up of? | Iron and nickel |
| TRUE or FALSE: The earth's crust contains vitamins | FALSE! It contains minerals! |
| Use these 4 words to complete the sentence below (elements, rocks, minerals & compounds) "----- & ----- make up ----- and these make up -----" | elements and compounds make up minerals and these make up rocks |
| The earth's surface is made up of ----- ----- (hint: take part in earthquakes) | tectonic plates |
| What are the three different types of rocks? | 1) Igneous 2) Sedimentary 3) Metamorphic |
| 1) Sedimentary 2) Metamorphic 3) Intrusive Igneous 4) Extrusive igneous | |
| What are the two different types of igneous rock and what are different about them? | Intrusive --> cool quickly above ground Extrusive --> Cool slowly under ground & eventually get exposed when rocks above them wear away |
| How do sedimentary rocks form? And what can you find in them? | Layers of sediment laid down for millions of years make a solid, and fossils ca be found here |
| How do metamorphic rocks form? | As the sedimentary rocks get closer to the magma, it heats rapidly and pressure increases, which forms metamorphic rocks! |
| Give one example of each type of rock | sedimentary - limestone, chalk, sandstone metamorphic - marble, slate intrusive igneous - granite extrusive igneous - basalt |
| just study that photo | |
| What are the three types of heat transfer? | 1) CONDUCTION 2) CONVECTION 3) RADIATION |
| Explain radiation | - doesn't need particles to travel - travels in invisible waves - hotter the object, the more radiation it gives off - the cooler the object, the more it absorbs - can travel through vacuum (space) - used for sun to heat earth! |
| explain conduction | - heat spreads through particles by vibrations - need particles, so it can't travel through a vacuum (space) - when particles bump into each other to spread the heat |
| explain convection | - only happens in liquids - a convection current - gets heated, rises, and slowly makes it way back to heat source again (boiling water) - can happen in gases but its harder and slower (e.g. a fire/smoke around a room) - can not happen in solids! |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Physical changes do involve a change in mass | FALSE: they don't involve a change in mass |
| Whats different between physical and chemical changes/reactions? | Physical - no reactions chemical - is a reaction |
| Name 4 types of physical changes | melting, evaporating, condensing, freezing |
| What is it called when a substance goes from a solid STRAIGHT to a gas? | sublimation |
| TRUE or FALSE: Light waves don't need particles to travel through | TRUE |
| What travels faster? Light or sound? | LIGHT! never mix that up ;) |
| How far is the sun from the earth? | 150,000,000 km |
| How long does it take for light from the sun to travel to the earth? | 8.3 minutes |
| When a ray of light hits a mirror at an angle, it ----- off the other side | reflects |
| What is angle i called? What is angle r called? What is the line in the middle called? What is this diagram showing? Are angles i & r equal? | - angle of incidence - angle of reflection - normal line - reflection - yes |
| The normal line is at a -- degree angle from the mirror | 90° |
| What is refraction? | When light bends as it crosses a boundary |
| Light can go through a transparent object, but not through an ----- one | opaque |
| The substance that light (or another wave e.g. sound) travels through is called a ----- | medium |
| When light goes from a less dense medium to a more dense medium, the light bends (towards/away from) the normal line. Give an example | towards e.g. air to glass |
| When light goes from a more dense medium to a less dense medium, the light bends (towards/away from) the normal line. Give an example | away e.g. glass to air |
| At what angle will the light pass straight through the medium without refraction? | 90° |
| The ray of light entering the medium is known as the ----- ray | incident ray |
| the ray which exits the medium is known as the ----- ray | refracted ray |
| How do we see? | When luminous objects produce light (e.g. a lamp) it reflects off non-luminous objects (e.g. people). Some of this reflected light then goes into our eyes. |
| What type of camera is similar to our eye? | The pinhole camera |
| What type of lens do we have in our eye? | Convex lens |
| What does our convex lens do? | It causes the light to converge (move together) into focus |
| What does the iris do (in our eye)? | It controls how much light enters our eye |
| Where are the images formed | on the retina |
| Name all the colours in white light (in order) | red orange yellow green blue indigo violet |
| red is bent the (most/least) as violet is bent the (most/least) when getting dispersed | red = least violet = most |
| Define dispersed | when white light gets split up into different colours through a prism (e.g. raindrop / glass block) |
| What's the proper name for a rainbow? | spectrum |
| Why do all the colours get dispersed at different angles? | they have different wavelengths and frequencies which portrays how fast each wave is going, so violet might hit the prism, as it travels faster, so therefore it gets dispersed before the others |
| How does a red filter work? | It only lets red pass through it, therefore absorbing all other colours |
| Why are blue jeans blue? | It absorbs all colours but blue, which gets reflected. So we see that reflected colour! |
| Does sound pass through a solid, liquid or gas the quickest? Why? | solid because the more particles, the faster a sound wave travels |
| What's frequency and what is amplitude? | frequency = pitch amplitude = loudness |
| As sound waves, how is the frequency shown and how is the amplitude shown? | amplitude = height of sound wave frequency = length of sound wave |
| how is frequency measured? | hertz (Hz) |
| How is amplitude measured | Decibels dB |
| right: (highest) = cornea (middle) = pupil (lowest) = iris middle: (middle right) = lens left: (highest) = optic nerve (lowest) = retina | |
| Name the parts in the ear - in order for how we hear things | - sound waves enter the pinna - travels through ear canal - vibrated ear drum - amplifies ossicles - travels through small window to cochlea - little hairs in cochlea send message to brain through auditory nerve |
| What's an ultrasound? | all sounds that have a higher pitch than the normal auditory range of humans (so anything over 20,000 Hz) |
| magnets are surrounded by ----- | magnetic fields |
| bar magnet have two -----. What are they called? | North pole and south pole |
| From which to which pole to magnetic field lines always point? | North to south poles |
| How can you see these magnetic field lines? | By using a plotting compass or iron fillings |
| opposite poles -----, like poles ----- | attract - repel |
| Which planet has a magnetic field? | THE EARTH!!! |
| What's an electromagnet? | a core with wire wrapped around, connected to a current which gives off magnetic field lines |
| what's the cool thing about electromagnets that normal magnets can't do? | they can be switched on and off |
| name three ways in which you can increase the strength of an electromagnet? | 1) more current in the wire 2) more turns of wire 3) a soft iron core |
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