264010
| Question | Answer |
| Personality | Personality A person’s stable and enduring traits and characteristics, which lead them to behave in a steady way over time. |
| Fundamental attribution error | The tendency to explain the causes of other people’s behaviour as a product of their internal characteristics and dispositions rather than external situational factors. |
| Individual differences | Any characteristics that are susceptible to variation between individuals; for example, personality or intelligence |
| ‘Big Five’ personality factors (Goldberg, 1981) | Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability and Intellect |
| Personality Theory | A set of propositions about the structure and/or development of personality that forms the basis of a coherent, evidence-based explanation. |
| Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (1992) | The personality theory put forward by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (1992), for instance, also has five factors, but theirs are slightly different from those of Goldberg |
| Hans Eysenck (1967) | Hans Eysenck (1967), on the other hand, has put forward a theory which states that personality consists of just three dimensions |
| Psychoanalysis | A set of theories and therapeutic methods exploring the unconscious processes influencing human behaviour. (Sigmund Freud) |
| Freud’s Personality Theory | Freud’s theory is that personality consists of two broad elements: the conscious and the unconscious. He argued that much of what a person is like (i.e. their outward personality of the kind measured by personality tests) is determined by drives, impulses and motivations that are not accessible to conscious awareness. Outward manifestations of personality are therefore just the tip of the iceberg, one that lies at the top of a much larger structure – the unconscious |
| Authoritarian personality | A kind of personality typified by obedience to authority, strict adherence to rules, and hostility towards anyone different from oneself. |
| Authoritarian Personality Studies | Theodor Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson and Nevitt Sanford UC Berkley 1940's post WWII |
| Attitudes | A person’s beliefs and feelings about issues, events, objects or people, which are thought to influence behaviour |
| Scale | A set of items such as questions on a questionnaire which combine to measure a bigger construct (e.g. a personality characteristic) that cannot be measured directly. |
| ethnocentrism scale | in the ethnocentrism scale devised by Adorno et al., there are a set of statements about people from minority ethnic groups and about people from the dominant American, white, Christian group in the 1940s and 1950s |
| Ethnocentrism | Belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture |
| F-scale | Adorno et al. developed an additional scale, the potential for fascism scale. This scale, known as the F-scale, was central to Adorno et al.’s study. It included items that made no explicit reference to racial or ethnic minorities, or conservative politics. It was a measure not of attitudes but of personality characteristics underpinning potential for fascism. |
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