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| Question | Answer |
| Linguistics (Description) | Human knowledge of language (a cognitive science) -The object of study in linguistics is the general principles which govern all languages. |
| Explicit knowledge (Description) | Conscious knowledge that linguists have about languages other then their native language. *The linguists explicit knowledge about the structures and processes found in the linguistic systems they study does not give them the ability to speak these languages. |
| Tacit Knowledge (Description) | Unconscious knowledge that the native speaker has. *It’s only when your knowledge of the language becomes unconscious that you actually feel you can speak the language. |
| Descriptive Grammars (Description) | Set of rules that describe how people actually do speak. |
| Prescriptive Grammars (Description) | Set of rules that prescribe how people should speak and write “properly.” |
| Linguistic Computational System (written description) | (AKA the grammar): It has both input and output functions. On the one hand interacting with systems that are auditory and articulatory and on the other with a component that is responsible for the actual meaning content of the message (interpretation). |
| Linguistic Computational System (Diagram: flow chart) |
Image:
mental_machinery (image/png)
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| Phonetics (Description) | The acoustics and articulation of sounds. Studies the physical properties of sounds, their articulation, and their audition. |
| Phonology (Description) | How to pronounce words and sentences. Phonology is concerned with the knowledge which underlies the ability to produce and analyze output and input of the grammar from the perspective of structures that will relate to sound. |
| Morphology (Description) | How to form words from smaller parts. Morphological knowledge is reflected in your ability to analyze words generated by linguistic systems into meaningful parts. |
| Syntax (Description) | How to form sentences. Governs the structuring of phrases and sentences. |
| Semantics (Description) | How to interpret words and sentences. The study of meaning. |
| "The Grammar" (Description) | Phonetics + Phonology + Morphology + Syntax + Semantics These ‘modules’ rather traditionally are referred to together as the grammar. Once again, they do not mean the kind of prescriptive grammar found in traditional grammar books, but rather a component of the cognitive system of a human – a mental organ, as it is sometimes called, which has the responsibility for producing and parsing linguistic information. |
| “Linguistic Illusions” (Description) | One of the prominent and very accessible “linguistic illusions” is that physical entities such as words exist. (ex: we cannot identify separate words when we hear an unknown language being spoken. This illusion is strengthened by our writing system of letters and spaces.) *The fact is that there are no physical entities that correspond to words, instead, word is a mental construct that your linguistic system builds for you based upon experience with specific language data. |
| Waveform (Description) | Graphically represents the fluctuations in air pressure that occur when (most) speech sounds are produced. |
| Spectrogram (Description) | give us a rather more detailed analysis of the physical properties of sounds. It tells us about the type of pressure fluctuation, not simply the presence or absence of pressure fluctuation. A spectrographic analysis allows us to see the distinguishing characteristics of one vowel from another, for example, as well as one consonant from another. |
| IPA (What does it stand for?) | International phonetic alphabet |
| International phonetic alphabet (IPA) (Description) | -Each symbol represents one speech segment -Speech sounds, phones, are defined in terms of their articulatory properties or their acoustic properties |
| Acoustic Phonetics (Description) | The study of physical properties of speech sounds (One of the 3 major branches of phonetics) |
| Articulatory Phonetics (Description) | The study of production of speech sounds (One of the 3 major branches of phonetics) |
| Auditory Phonetics (Description) | The study of speech perception AKA Perceptual Phonetics (One of the 3 major branches of phonetics) |
| Pulmonic Egressive Airstream Mechanism (Description) | The most widely used technique for moving air to create speech used in all human languages, involves exhalation (i.e., breathing out). |
| Stops (Description) | Sounds produced with a complete closure at some point in the vocal tract (oral cavity or glottis) |
| The Vocal Tract (Diagram) | |
| The Articulatory Apparatus (description) | Lungs: air is pushed out of the lungs Larynx, vocal cords, glottis (space between vocal cords) Vocal tract Articulators: tongue, lips |
| 3 Major Sound Classes (name them) | 1-Vowels 2-Consonants 3-Glides |
| Vowels (description) | -voiced -produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract -vowels form the nucleus of a syllable. |
| Consonants (description) | -Voiced or voiceless -Complete closure or narrowing of vocal tract -noise produced as air flows past the created constriction Consonants are normally described using voiced or voiceless, the names of their place and manner of articulation. |
| Glides (description) | -[j] as in yes, [w] as in wine -Articulatorily similar to vowels (rapidly articulated vowels) -Cannot form the nucleus of a syllable. ?Like super short vowels??? |
| Glottal States (name the 2) | 1-Voiceless: vocal cords pulled apart – no vibration 2-Voiced: vocal cords close together– they vibrate |
| Voicing (Description) | The sound produced by this rapid flapping of the vocal folds. |
| P.O.A. (What does this stand for?) | Place of Articulation |
| Place of Articulation: Labial (description) | The primary point of constriction for a consonant is at the lips |
| Place of Articulation: Bilabial sounds (examples) | [p] pan [b] ban [m] man |
| Place of Articulation:Labiodental sounds (description) | produced by forcing the air through a very small set of channels between the upper teeth and the lower lip. [f] fan [v] van |
| Place of Articulation: interdental (fricatives) (Description) | These sounds are produced by placing the apex of the tongue between the teeth, forcing the air through small channels between the teeth and the tongue. found in words like ‘thrilling’ [θrɪlɪŋ]. |
| Place of Articulation: Dental (location) | The primary point of constriction is against the back of the teeth |
| Place of Articulation: Alveolars (location) | Directly behind your teeth, on the roof of your mouth, you’ll find a hard little ridge, the ‘alveolar ridge’, which is the beginning of the so-called ‘hard palate’. It is at this point that most speakers of English-type grammars in North American (and Southern England) produce, with the tip (or apex) of their tongues, their [t]-type sounds. |
| Alveolar ridge (location) | right behind teeth |
| Place of Articulation: Alveopalatal (location) | Just behind alveolar ridge, where roof of the mouth rises sharply |
| Alveopalatal Fricatives (Description of how they are produced) | The alveopalatal fricatives are produced with the blade of the tongue making a narrow closure in the region just behind the alveolar ridge at the very frontmost edge of the (hard) palate. There is a voiceless one, [ʃ], as in ‘shake’ [ʃek] There is a voiced one, [ʒ], as in‘measure’[mɛʒr]̩. [ ʃ ] shine [ʒ] pleasure. [tʃ] church, chicken [dʒ] judge, jello. Fricatives: continuous airflow across an obstruction |
| Place of Articulation: Palatal (location + example) | Segments produced behind the alveolar ridge, on the hard palate [j] yes, yellow |
| Place of Articulation: Velars sounds (location, production and examples) | (Velum– rear of the roof of the mouth). Sounds produced through an obstruction by raising back of tongue to velum are: [k] cake [g] gander, gig [ŋ] sing, pang. |
| Place of Articulation: Glottal (Description) | Vocal cords used as primary articulators. |
| Glottal stop (example) | bottle (bo’l) [bɑʔl] (British dialects) |
| Manners of Articulation (description and names of 5 types) | The various ways of constricting the airflow (e.g., stopping it completely) are referred to as. -Stops -Fricatives -Affricates -Liquids -Glides |
| Oral (manner of articulation) (Description) | Velum raised to cut off airflow to nasal cavity: oral sounds. |
| Nasal (Manner of Articulation) (Description and more) | Velum lowered, air escapes through nasal passages: nasal sounds. *vowels and consonants can be nasal. Nasals may form what is called the nucleus of a syllable all on their own. *The syllabic status for Nasals ˌ is indicated by a little bar under the standard IPA symbol for that segment. *Nasals are voiced |
| Affricates (What is it? and examples) | Stops with a slow (delayed) release. voiceless [tʃ] “church” ‘chunk’ [ʧəŋk] voiced [dʒ] judge [ʤ], as in ‘junk’ [ʤəŋk] |
| Liquids (Description and examples) | Mostly unobstructed air flow through vocal tract They may form what is called the nucleus of a syllable all on their own. The syllabic status for liquids is indicated by a little bar under the standard IPA symbol for that segment. The syllabic status for liquids ˌ is indicated by a little bar under the standard IPA symbol for that segment. *Liquids are voiced [l] loud [ɹ] root [ɾ]N.A.E. butter |
| Glides (aka semivowels) (Description and examples) | Almost vowel-like freedom of air flow in vocal tract *they are almost vowels, they would be a vowel if you held them for longer. They are like very short vowels. *Glides are voiced [j] yes [w] well; ‘wacky’ [wæki] |
| Vowels (Description) | -Sonorous syllabic sounds -Vocal tract more open than for articulation of consonants and glides * any vowel will be the nucleus of its own syllable. when you say "Ahhhh" at the doctor’s, it opens up your vocal tract the most. (Usually, it is vowel sounds which carry the ‘beat’) |
| Monophthongs (Description and examples) | Monophthongs (simple vowels) E.g. [ɛ] in shed, [æ] in sad, [ʊ] in should [ɪ], [ə], [ʌ], and [ɑ] they don't change quality over the course of the sound *One of two major types of vowels |
| Diphthongs (Description and examples) | Diphthongs (complex vowels) E.g. [aj] in high, [aw] in loud, [oj] in boy *vowels which involve movement from one vowel position to another during their articulation. *By tradition, they are transliterated as sequences of vowel+glide. These diphthongs include [oj] as in [boj] ‘boy,’ [aj] as [bajd] ‘bide,’ and [aw] as in [bawt] ‘bout.’ *One of two major types of vowels |
| Dipthongs of English (Image of symbols) | |
| VOWEL ARTICULATION (4 ways of describing it ) | Parameters for describing articulatory properties of vowels, in this order: >HEIGHT - BACKNESS - ROUNDING >TENSE vs LAX How do you articulate vowels: you need four things: 1-height of the lower jaw (high, mid, low) 2-position of tongue (front, central, back) 3-lip rounding (rounded, unrounded) 4-Tense vs. Lax (more rarely used in linguistics) |
| Tense vowels (examples) | [i] or [ij] heat [e] or [ej] bait [u] or [uw] shoot [o] or [ow] boat [ɑ] lock |
| Lax vowels (examples) | [ɪ] (cap i) hit [ɛ] (epsilon) bet [æ] (ash) van [ʊ] (upsilon) should *Tense vowels are longer than lax vowels. |
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Image:
Vowel_chart (image/png)
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