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| Question | Answer |
| Adjacency pairs. (Discourse) | Linked responses. E.g. How are you? Fine thanks. Are you ready? Not quite. Ok. See you later. |
| Asyndetic list (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | No Conjunction like 'and' or 'but'. E.g. she was tall, strong, clever, determined. |
| Syndetic list (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | Has conjunction like 'and'. E.g. He had potatoes, carrots and peas. |
| Reported speech (Pragmatics) | When a speaker's words are referred to but not quoted verbatim. E.g. she said she was fed up with his attitude. |
| Micropause | A very short pause in a spoken text often indicated in transcripts by a (.). E.g. I suppose.I might try and behave.if I can. |
| Phatic speech (pragmatics) | Friendly often meaningless chit-chat to make contact go smoothly. E.g. nice day today. |
| Register | Language which fits a context. E.g. formal, informal, colloquial etc. I would like to apply for the position advertised on your website. How about a few drinks tonight, down the pub? |
| Repair (Discourse) | A self correction in spontaneous speech. E.g. 'I don't like... I'm not sure I'm very fond of English'. |
| Rhetoric (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | The technique of using language to persuade people. E.g. political speeches: 'I believe in hope! I believe in the people! I believe in America!' (This is called the rule of three and is a very common rhetorical device). |
| Rhetorical questions (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | Questions asked with no intention that anyone should answer them. E.g. Hamlet: ‘What should such fellows as I do crawling between earth and heaven?’ |
| First person POV | First person: ‘I’. e.g. I was born in a little town in Sussex. |
| Second person POV | Second person: ‘you’. E.g. You should have done that, shouldn’t you? |
| Third person POV | Third person: he/she/it. E.g. She did not believe what she saw. |
| Semantic field ( lexis and semantics) | Group of words relating to the same topic. E.g. medicine, the law, education, films etc E.g. She collected the bandages from the paramedic in the ambulance, laid him on the stretcher and listened to his heart with a stethoscope . |
| Sibilance (Phonology,phonetics,prosodics) | Special case of alliteration, it means repeated use of the letter or sound ‘s’. E.g. ‘the hissing of summer lawns’. |
| Soliloquy | A speech delivered by a character on stage who is alone. E.g. famously in Hamlet: ‘To be or not to be…’ |
| Synonym (lexis and semantics) | A word which means the same as another word. E.g. ‘begin’ and ‘commence’. Sometimes words are synonyms but have different connotations: E.g.’ consider ‘smile’ and ‘grin’. |
| Text | Text is used to mean any piece of written or spoken communication. E.g. a novel, a speech, a bit of a play, a transcript of a phone call etc. |
| Accent (Phonetics,phonology, prosodics) | A set of distinctive pronunciations that mark regional or social identity. |
| Active voice (Grammar) | A grammatical structure in which the subject is the actor of the sentence. E.g. the dog eats the bone. |
| Adjective (Grammar) | A word that modifies a noun or pronoun. |
| Adverb (Grammar) | A word that modifies verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions and prepositions. |
| Alliteration (Phonology,prosodics,phonetics) | The repetition of the same sound in the initial position in a sequence of words. |
| Allusion (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | To refer to something indirectly or metaphorically. |
| Archaisms | A word or phrase no longer in current use. |
| Aspirants (phonetics,prosodics,phonology) | Sounds that denote audible breath e.g. h. |
| Assonance (phonetics,prosodics,phonology) | A repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds. |
| Auxiliary / Modal verbs (Grammar) | A verb that precedes another verb e.g. I can go. |
| Bilabial (phonology,prosodics,phonetics) | Term used to denote sounds made with both lips e.g. m, b. |
| Caesuras (Form/Grammar) | A mid-line pause. |
| Noun (Grammar) | A naming word. |
| Collective noun (Grammar) | A name that refers to a group of people, animals or things. |
| Proper nouns (Grammar) | A name of a distinctive person, place or other unique reference. |
| Common/concrete noun (Grammar) | They refer to things that exist physically - things in which we can see and feel (everyday items). E.g. table, foot, cottage etc. |
| Abstract noun (Grammar) | A name to describe things that have no physical qualities. |
| Compound adjective (Grammar) | An adjective made up of two words joined by a hyphen. |
| Conceit (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | A deliberately elaborate metaphor. |
| Context | Things outside the text which may shape its meaning. E.g. when it was written, and who wrote it. |
| Co-ordinating conjunction (Grammar) | A word that joins elements of equal rank (and, or, but). |
| Declarative mood | A mood used to express a statement. |
| Definite article ( | 'The'. |
| Deictic (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | Terms used to denote words that rely on the context to be understood. E.g. pass me that, there. |
| Dialogue | Language interaction with two or more participants. |
| Discourse | The study of spoken language. |
| Double negative | A structure in which more than one negative is used. |
| Dynamic verbs (Grammar) | A verb that expresses an action rather than a state. |
| End-focus | A change in the structure of the sentence to place emphasis on a closing sentence element. |
| Euphemism (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | A word that replaces a term seen by society as taboo or unpleasant. |
| Exclamatory mood | A mood that expresses strong emotions. |
| Foregrounding | A change in the structure of the sentence to place emphasis on an opening sentence element. |
| Form | The structure and shape of the text. |
| Fricatives (prosodics,phonology,phonetics) | Sounds where air escapes through a small passage e.g. f, v. |
| Hyperbole (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | Exaggeration used to heighten feeling and intensity. |
| Imagery | A descriptive or metaphorical use of language to create a vivid picture. |
| Imperative mood | A mood that expresses a command. |
| Indefinite article (Grammar) | 'A'. |
| Independent main clause (Grammar) | The group of words which carries the core meaning of the sentence. |
| Interrogative mood | A mood expressing a question. |
| Intonation (prosodics,phonetics,phonology) | The quality or tone of the voice in speech. |
| Juxtaposition (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | To place two or more things side by side. |
| Lexical set | A group of words joined by similarities. |
| Litotes (Figurative language , lexis and semantics) | A deliberate understatement. |
| Assonance (prosodics,phonetics,phonology) | Assonance takes place when two or more words, close to one another repeat the same vowel sound, but start with different consonant sounds. “Men sell the wedding bells.” |
| consonance (phonetics,prosodics,phonology) | Consonance refers to repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase. This repetition often takes place in quick succession, such as in “pitter, patter.” |
| Accommodation (phonology, prosodics,phonetic | Accommodation Theory Howard Giles and others since the early 1970s. They aim at providing an explanation why speakers accommodate – i.e. change the manner in which they speak - in face-to-face interaction. convergence constitutes a linguistic, i.e. accommodative, process in which a speaker modifies his/her own speech to resemble more closely the addressee's speech, divergence refers to a process in which a speaker linguistically moves in the opposite direction in order to make his/her speech sound more unlike that of the person (s)he is talking to. |
| synonyms (Lexis and semantics) | words that have equivalent meaning |
| Antonyms (Lexis and semantics) | words that have contrasting meanings |
| hypernyms (Lexis and semantics) | words that can be included in a larger , more general category |
| Levels of formality (Lexis and semantics) | vocabulary styles including slang, colloquialism, taboo, formal and fixed levels |
| Occupational register (Lexis and semantics) | a technical vocabulary associated with a particular social group |
| Dialect (Lexis and semantics) | a language style associated with particular geographical region |
| neology (Lexis and semantics) | the process of new formation , including the following :blends, compounds , acronyms, initialism, eponyms |
| passive voice (Grammar) | a clause where the agent is the subject |
| Root morpheme | : a morpheme that can stand on its own as a word. |
| Affix | a morpheme that combines with a root morpheme to create a new wor |
| Phrase | a group of words centred around a head word |
| Head word | the central word in a phrase which gives the phrase its name (e.g. noun phrase, adjective phrase) and may be modified by other words. |
| Modification | the adding of additional words to provide more detail to a head word in a phrase either before it (pre-modification) or after it (post-modification) |
| Tense | how the time of an event is marked (usually through verb inflection): past, present & future |
| Aspect | another element of marking the time of an event, by specifying whether they are progressive (ongoing) or perfective (completed) |
| Sentence (grammar) | a larger unit of meaning, which may be formed of a single clause (simple sentence) or several clauses (compound or complex sentences). |
| Sentence function | the purpose a sentence fulfils in communication: as a statement, question, command or exclamation. These are also referred to in many grammar books as (respectively): declaratives interrogatives imperatives exclamatives |
| Implicature (pragmatics) | an implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken. |
| Inference (Pragmatics) | the understanding of implied meanings |
| Irony (PRAGMATICS) | using language to signal an attitude other than what has been literally expressed |
| Deixis (pragmatics) | words that are context-bound where meaning depends on who is using them, and where and when they are being used. Spacial deixis Temporal deixis |
| Speech acts (pragmatic) | communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them, for example, apologies and promises. |
| Politeness (pragmatics) | the awareness of others’ needs to be approved of and liked (positive politeness) and/or given freedom to express their own identity and choices (negative politeness) |
| Face (pragmatics) | the concept of how all communication relies on presenting a ‘face’ to listeners and audiences, and how face-threatening acts (the threat to either positive or negative face) and the management of positive and negative face needs contribute to interaction. |
| Cooperative principle in converersation (pragmatics) | : how interaction is generally based upon various kinds of cooperative behaviour between speakers |
| Adjuncts: | non-essential elements of clauses (usually adverbials) that can be omitted (e.g. “I’ll see you in the morning”) |
| Disjuncts (Discourse) | sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows (eg “Frankly, I’m appalled at what she said” or “Sadly, not one of them survived”). |
| Narrative structures (Discourse) | how events, actions and processes are sequenced when recounting a story. |
| Anaphoric reference (Discourse) | making reference back to something previously identified in a text (often using pronouns to refer to an already established reference point eg “The woman stood by the door. She made detailed notes of what she could see”). |
| Cataphoric reference (discourse) | making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text. Eg “It was warm. It was living. It was Uncle George |
| Exophoric reference (Discourse) | making reference to things beyond the language of a text itself |
| endophoric | which is within the language of the text) |
| Interdiscursivity | the use of discourses from one field as part of another (eg the use of science discourses in the selling of beauty products, or the use of commercial discourses in education) |
| Critical discourse analysis (Discourse) | the use of linguistic analysis to explore the ideologies, positions and values of texts and their producers. |
| Layout (Graphology) | the way in which a text is physically structured |
| Typographical feature (Graphology) | the features of fonts used in texts such as font type, size and colour |
| Orthographical features (Graphology) | the features of the writing system such as spelling, capitalisation and punctuation |
| Multimodal texts (Graphology) | texts that rely on the interplay of different codes (eg the visual, the written and the auditory) to help shape meaning. |
| Mode | Written spoken |
| Paris Anthology | when comparing text: genre mode graphology register and tone , voice affordance and constraints discourse USE LEXIS AND SEMANTIC AND GRAMMAR TO BACK UP POINTS |
| Duffy | when analysing texts : lexis and semantics grammar phonology ALWAYS LINK TO THEME OF QUESTION AND LINK IMMEDIATELY IN BEGINNING |
| ALL MY SONS | When analysing text: discouse markers and discourse grammar lexis |
| great gatsbey | BE CREATIVE |
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