1896947
Description
Flashcards by eharveyhudl, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by eharveyhudl
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Absolute Poverty | Lack of basic needs such as food, water and shelter |
| Relative poverty | Being poor in comparison to the majority of people in society |
| Multiple deprivation | Lacking in a number of things which are agreed upon by people other than the sociologist |
| Social exclusion | Not being able to fully participate in society due to a factor such as low income or poor housing |
| Environmental poverty | When the local area is polluted or dangerous |
| Deprivation Index | A list of things used to determine relative poverty |
| Cultural explanation of poverty | Blames poverty on the individual's culture and behaviour |
| Fatalism | Acceptance of their situation, rather than trying to change it |
| Immediate gratification | Wanting rewards immediately, and not thinking of the future |
| The Underclass Theory | Most poverty is caused by the individual, no one in the UK should be poor as there are many jobs, but there are some people who do not want to work |
| Structural explanation of poverty | Blames poverty on society or the government |
| Poverty trap | A situation where a person is stuck in poverty e.g financially worse off if they have a job because they will lose their benefits |
| Cycle of deprivation theory | Children are born into poverty. Poverty is caused by society through low pay and poor housing. |
| Wealth | Ownership of assets such as property and savings |
| Marketable wealth | Any asset that can be sold |
| Non-marketable wealth | An asset that cannot be sold e.g pension |
| Income | A regular flow of payment e.g wages |
| Gross income | Income before deductions. Earned income such as wages and unearned income such as tax credits |
| Disposable income | Gross income after deductions |
| Concealment of assets | Lying about your wealth in an attempt to hide it |
| Social desirability | People with little wealth pretend they are wealthier to avoid the embarrassment caused by poverty |
| Welfare state | Society where the government are responsible and provide services such as health care |
| Universal benefits | Benefits given to everyone at point of need e.g NHS |
| Means tested benefits | Only given to people who need it e.g only if income falls below a set amount |
| Dependency culture | Encouraging people to rely on government handouts rather than being self-sufficient |
| Welfare pluralism | Using more than one institution to provide welfare to the population |
| Voluntary welfare providers | Charities that provide services to the population e.g The Salvation Army give meals to the homeless |
| Informal welfare providers | Sources of care that are not organisations e.g family |
| Private welfare providers | Profit making companies who charge for welfare e.g private schools |
| Statutory welfare provision | Welfare provided by the government e.g NHS |
| Subjective poverty | An individual's thoughts and feelings about their own wellbeing |
| Productive wealth | When something you own provides an income, such as owning a property you rent out to others |
| Consumption wealth | Things the owner uses e.g car |
| Inheritance tax | Paid on an estate when somebody dies, doesn't have to be paid unless the property is worth £325,000 or more |
| Direct tax | Taken straight from wages e.g income tax, the more you earn, the more you pay |
| Indirect tax | Added to the things you buy e.g VAT |
| Cash benefits | Benefits given by the state to supplement low incomes e.g working tax credits |
| Benefits in kind | Services provided the state which are freely available e.g healthcare |
| Tax avoidance | Legal schemes that financial advisers create so their clients can avoid paying tax e.g living outside of Britain for a year |
| Tax evasion | When people don't declare their wealth to the Inland Revenue, e.g working cash in hand |
| Hidden poverty | When poverty is hidden within the family, experienced by women (feminists say) |
| Secondary labour market | High turnover, low pay, low skilled jobs, usually part-time or temporary e.g retail |
| Horizontal Segregation | How men and women are concentrated in different jobs, and the ones for women tend to be lower paid |
| Vertical segregation | When men are concentrated in a higher position than women when employed in a similar field |
| Institutional racism | How the day to day practices of an institution have racist outcomes (may not be deliberate) e.g job adverts not being in different languages |
| Reserve army of labour | Group of workers who are used when needed, but disposed of when no longer needed |
| Underemployed | Not receiving enough work |
| Full employment | Making sure most people have access to a job |
| Nationalisation | When the state owns industries |
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