Exchange Surfaces and Breathing

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Flashcards on Exchange Surfaces and Breathing, created by zikra_98 on 01/01/2015.
zikra_98
Flashcards by zikra_98, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by zikra_98 almost 10 years ago
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Question Answer
Why do organisms need special exchange surfaces? -oxygen for aerobic respiration -glucose as a source of energy -proteins for growth and repair -minerals to maintain their w.p.
Name the features of a good exchange surface. -Large SA - provides space for molecules to pass through -thin barrier to reduce diffusion path -fresh supply of molecules on once side (high conc.) -removal of required molecules on either side (low conc.)
Name some examples of exchange surfaces -small intestine - nutrients are absorbed -liver - levels of sugars in the blood are adjusted -root hairs of plants - waters and minerals are absorbed
How are lungs adapted for exchange? -Large SA - provides more space for molecules to pass through -barrier permeable to O2 and CO2 - allows diffusion
How do lungs make a thin barrier to reduce diffusion distance? -alveolus and capillary walls are one cell thick -walls consist of squamous cells -capillaries are in close contact with alveolus walls -total barrier to diffusion is only two flattened cells thick
Process of inhaling -diaphragm contracts to become flatter - pushes digestive organs down -external intercostal muscles contract to raise ribs -vol. of chest cavity increases -pressure in chest cavity drops atmospheric pressure -air moves into lungs
Process of exhaling -diaphragm relaxes - pushed up by displaces organs underneath -external intercostal muscles relax - ribs fall -vol. of chest cavity decreases -pressure in lungs increase + rises above atmospheric pressure -air moves out of lungs
What is the structure/function of trachea? -wide flexible tube kept open by 20 c-shaped cartilage -acts as a pathway for gases to and from the lungs -keeps lungs free from particles and bacteria (mucosa/submucosa)
What is mucosa? made up of epithelial cells w/ cilia and goblet cells -elastin is present - plays a role in warming air
What is submucosa? -humidifies inspired air -together with mucus from goblet cells - trap particles from air
What is the structure/function of bronchi? -trachea branches into primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi -contains smooth muscles - controls diameter and length of bronchi -contains mucosa and submucosa
What is the structure/function of bronchioles? -no cartilage and no glands -diameter of 1mm or less and wall structure
What is smooth muscles? -involuntary muscles found in internal organs -contract/relax to allow airways to be controlled -during exercise muscles relaxes - widens airways aiding ventilation
What are elastic fibers? -long fibers of the protein elastic - can stretch and recoil -stretched to allow expansion during inhalation and recoil during exhalation
What are C-shaped rings of caritalge? -prevents collapse of airways during inhalation -allows flexibility during movement w/o narrowing airways -structural support -allows esophagus to expand during swallowing
What are goblet cells? -secrete mucus to trap particles -reduces risk of infection or inflammation
What are ciliated epithelium? -waft mucus containing bacteria towards the throat to be swallowed -inside the stomach acid kills the bacteria preventing infection -cells containing numerous mitochondria
What is a spirometer? -consists of a chamber filled with oxygen that floats on a tank of -subject breathes from a disposable mouthpiece attached to a tube connected to a chamber of oxygen
Why is soda lime used? -level of CO2 will increase -used to absorb the CO2 exhaled -total vol. of gas will go down carbon is removed. -reduction is equal to the vol. of O2 used by the person breathing in/out
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