A Level PE - Muscular/Skeletal System

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Flashcards on A Level PE - Muscular/Skeletal System, created by Czean Holgado on 17/01/2019.
Czean Holgado
Flashcards by Czean Holgado, updated more than 1 year ago
Czean Holgado
Created by Czean Holgado over 5 years ago
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Question Answer
Identify the 3 planes of movement. -Frontal -Sagittal -Transverse
Briefly describe the frontal plane. -This is the plane that cuts across the body sideways - any lateral (side) movements that occur parallel to this line happens in the frontal plane.
Name all the possible movements possible in the frontal plane. Movements possible in this plane -Adduction -Abduction -Elevation -Depression -Inversion -Eversion
Define the term 'adduction' -movement towards the midline of the body
Define the term 'abduction' -Movement away the midline of the body.
Define the term 'elevation' Moving to a superior (higher) position - only at the scapula
Define the term 'depression' Moving to an infererior (lower) position
Define the term 'inversion'. Lifting the medial border of the foot (foot goes inwards)
Define the term 'eversion'. Lifting the lateral border of the foot (foot goes sidewards)
Briefly describe the 'sagittal' plane. -This is the plane that cuts directly down the middle of the body from an anterior view - any forward or backwards movement parallel to this line occurs in the sagittal plane.
Name all the possible movements possible in the sagittal plane. -Flexion -Extension -Dorsi flexion -Plantar flexion
Define the term -Decreasing the angle between two bones -This is the shortening of the muscle.
Define the term 'extension' -Increasing the angle between two bones. -This is the lengthening of a muscle.
Define the term 'dorsiflexion'. -Moving the top of the foot towards the shin (opposite of pointing your toes)
Define the term 'plantar flexion'. -Moving the sole of the foot downwards (pointing your toes)
-Briefly describe the transverse plane. -This is the plane that cuts directly across the waistline - any movement parallel to the waistline occurs in the transverse plane and is otherwise known as rotational movement.
Name all the possible movements that can occur in the transverse plane. -Rotation -Pronation -Supination
Define the term 'rotation' -This is inward or outward turning about the vertical axis of a bone.
Define the term 'pronation'. -Downwards movement of the palm from the anatomical position (wrist rotates to face up)
Define the term 'supination' -Upwards movement of the palm from the anatomical position (wrist rotates to face upwards)
Define the term 'circumduction'. -Movement of a limb in a circular motion around a fixed joint.
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system? 1) Provide shape 2) Provide support 3) Provide movement 4) Provides protection 5) Blood cell production and storages of fats and minerals
Name a structural characteristic of long bones - name examples of these types of bones. -Have a main shaft -Femur -Humerus -Phalanges
What is the function of long bones? -Act as levers - help to provide movement
Name a structural characteristic of short bones - name examples of these types of bones. -No visible shaft Examples -Tarsals -Carpals
What is the function of short bones? -Help to provide strength and support
Name a structural characteristic of flat bones - name examples of these types of bones. -Cover a large area Examples -Cranium
What is the function of flat bones? -They help to provide protection, and act as a point for the attachment of muscles.
Name a structural characteristic of irregular bones - name examples of these types of bones. -Irregular in shape Examples -Vertebrae
What is the function of irregular bones? -Assist with support and help to provide shape.
What is a joint? -A joint is a coming together of two or more different bones.
Define the term 'articulation'. -This is when a specific joint allows movement - e.g hinge joint.
What are the three main types of joints? Name examples for each one. 1) Fixed joint i.e immovable - e.g cranium 2) Slightly movable joint - e.g vertebrae 3) Movable joint/synovial joint (has a synovial capsule)
Name at least 6 synovial joints. 1) Hinge 2) Pivot 3) Ball and socket 4) Saddle 5) Condyloid 6) Gliding
What is a tendon? Give an example. A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone e.g achilles tendon.
What is the function of a tendon? -They help to move the bone/structure.
What is a ligament? A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone e.g anterior cruciate ligament.
What is the function of a ligament? -they help to hold structures together and keep them stable.
List four adaptations that occur to bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments as a result of training. -Bones - Increase in strength and density Cartilage - Hyaline cartilage thickens which aids the cushioning of joints. Tendons - Tendons thicken and can withstand greater force. Ligaments - Ligaments stretch slightly to enable a greater range of movement at the joint.
Describe the structure and function of skeletal muscle. -connected to ends of bones and allows movement -in control of voluntary movement -cylindrical in shape -striated
Describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle. -called myocardium -found only in the heart -involuntary (movement is not conscious) -striated
Describe the structure and function of smooth muscle. -found in the internal organs such as arteries, stomach, and bowel -movement is involuntary -unstriated -
How is food pushed through the intestines? -when the visceral muscle in the stomach contracts, it pushes the food along.
All skeletal muscles are attached to bones at their origins and their insertions by a white fibrous tissue called tendons. During movement, what stays fixed and what moves? -Origins stay fixed -Insertions move
Define the term 'antagonistic pair', giving an example. -These are skeletal muscle that work together to provide movement e.g when a muscle contracts and shortens (bicep brachii) the opposite muscle (tricep brachii) works in the opposite way by relaxing and lengthening to allow the movement
Define the term 'agonist' -A muscle that is directly involved in the production of a movement at a joint
Define the term 'antagonist'. -A muscle that opposes an agonist for a given movement and prevent overstretching of the agonist.
Define the term 'synergist' -This is an agonist that is not directly responsible for the movement at a joint, but assists it in some way (e.g brachialis - muscle assisting the bicep brachii during flexion)
Define the term 'fixator'. -Fixator muscles are stabilizer muscles that act to eliminate unwanted movement of an agonists origin e.g (rhomboid major
What are isotonic contractions? Name the two different types. -these are any muscle contractions that causes the muscle to change in length as it contracts and causes movement at a joint. The two types are: -isotonic concentric -isotonic eccentric
What is an isotonic concentric contraction? Give an example. -This is shortening of the muscle - insertion moves towards the origin, angle of joint decreases. -An example of this would be a bicep curl - bicep brachii is contracting concentrically during the upward phase
What is an isotonic eccentric contraction? -This is the lengthening of a muscle under tension - muscle elongates, insertion moves away from the origin, angle of joint increases. E.g triceps brachii eccentrically contracts during the upward phase of a bicep curl
What is an isometric contraction? Give 2 examples. -This is when there is no shortening, lengthening, moving of the muscle but the muscles are still contracting. The muscles stay static. E.g ski sit, 100m sprint start, scrum
What is an isokinetic contraction? Give an example. -Isokinetic contractions produce movement at a constant speed. These contractions are the same as isotonic but is repeated at the same pace e.g breast stroke during swimming, while the water produces the same resistance.
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