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| Question | Answer |
| Total stress (sigma) =(Equation) | (Weight, W)/ (Area,A)=H*(Gamma-water) + (H_A - H)*(gamma-sat) |
| Portion of it will be carried by water is called | pore water pressure (u) |
| The vertical component of forces at the point of contact of the solid particles per unit cross‐sectional area of the soil mass is called | effective stress (sigma') |
| Cross‐sectional area = | A(bar) |
| For most soils, the value of i_cr varies from | 0.9 to 1.1 with an average of 1.0 |
| A soil under critical hydraulic gradient is unstable and is said to be | boiling or quick condition. (Quick means alive, example Quicksand) |
| By definition for any granular soil quick condition is possible. But soil with high permeability (e.g. gravel or coarse sands) requires large quantity of water to maintain critical hydraulic gradient. Therefore, the quick conditions are usually confined | to loose fine grained sands |
| Quicksand is a very real danger in dewatering excavations and other construction facilities, where | upward seepage force artificially created |
| Total stress (sigma) is the stress | carried by the soil particles and the liquids and gases in the voids |
| Capillary action results in | negative porewater pressures and increases the effective stresses. |
| Downward seepage -------- the resultant effective stress | increases |
| upward seepage ------ the resultant effective stress. | decreases |
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