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| Question | Answer |
| What is variation? | Variation is the differences that exist between individuals |
| What are the different types of variation? | Intraspecific Interspecific Continuous Discontinuous |
| What is intraspecific variation? | Variation within a species |
| What is interspecific variation? | Variation between different species |
| What is continuous variation? | When the individuals in a population vary within a range - there are no distinct categories |
| Give examples of continuous variation in animals | Height Mass Milk yield |
| Give examples of continuous variation in plants | Surface area of leaves Mass |
| Give examples of continuous variation in microorganisms | Width Length |
| What is discontinuous variation? | When there are two or more distinct categories - each individual falls into only one of these categories, and there are no intermediates |
| Give an example of discontinuous variation in animals | Blood group |
| Give an example of discontinuous variation in plants | Colour Seed shape |
| Give an example of discontinuous variation in microorganisms | Antibiotic resistance Pigment production |
| What are the 3 categories for causes of variation? | Genetic factors Environmental factors Both genetic and environmental factors |
| How do genetic factors cause variation? | Individuals of the same species have the same genes but different alleles. The alleles an organism has make up its genotype. The differences in genotype result in variation in phenotype. |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Variation caused by genetic factors is inherited | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Characteristics controlled by environmental factors (e.g. climate, food, lifestyle) can change over an organism's life | TRUE |
| How do both genetic and environmental factors cause variation? | Genetic factors determine the characteristics an organism is born with, but environmental factors can influence how some characteristics develop (e.g. height, flagellum) |
| What is a mean? | The mean is an average of the values collected in a sample |
| What does standard deviation do? | Standard deviation tells you how much the value in a single sample vary. It is a measure of the spread of values about the mean |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Standard deviation is not as useful as the range | FALSE Standard deviation is MORE useful than range as it takes into account all the values in the data set, whereas the range only uses two. This makes the range more likely to be affected by an anomalous result |
| What is the equation for standard deviation? |
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| What does the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient tell you? | The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rₛ) tells you whether or not two variables are related and how strongly they are related |
| What is the equation for the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient? |
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| Complete the sentences: The result of the Spearman's rank correlation test is a number between ___ and ____. If the figure is ____, then there is a perfect negative correlation between the two variables. The closer the figure is to ___, the weaker the correlation is. | The result of the Spearman's rank correlation test is a number between -1 and +1. If the figure is -1,then there is a perfect negative correlation between the two variables. The closer the figure is to 0,the weaker the correlation is. |
| Once you have the result to the Spearman's rank test, you need to find out if it's significant or not. | To determine whether the null hypothesis can be rejected, you consult a table of critical value. The result is compared to the critical value at p = 0.05. If your result is >p, you can reject the null hypothesis |
| What does it mean if the result to the Spearman's rank test is "significant"? | The result is due to chance |
| What does a null hypothesis always suggest? | A null hypothesis always suggests that there is no correlation between the factors you are investigating |
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