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Description
Flashcards by Megan Rudy, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Megan Rudy
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| paleolithic period | 2.5 Million years ago - The stone age Hunters and gatherers |
| neolithic period | The new stone age - 10,000BC True Farmiing - permanent settlements (villages, tribes) domestication of animals |
| The Rosetta Stone | Egyptian artifact provided translations of the hieroglyphics for modern understanding of the symbols |
| The scarcity of Chinese arable farmland led to... | Early development of intensive agricultural cultivation techniques Animal plows irrigation water conservation projects |
| An effect of the gulf stream... | Warm climate of Western Europe |
| Cultural Diffiusion | the spread of cultural items (ideas, fashion, technology, etc.) from one central point to another |
| Gender roles | social and behavioral norms that determine how males and females speak, think, dress, and interact within society. |
| The Silk Road | a system of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty that stretched from China through India to Egypt, and eventually to the Roman Empire. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments . . . have been subjected as a consequence of . . . the aggression of Germany and her allies." |
| Which colony had the highest proportion of German settlers during the colonial period | Pennsylvania |
| 3/5 Compromise | The result of a debate within Congress about apportioning taxes based on population or land value. 3/5 of a state's slaves were counted in terms of congressional representation, presidential electors, and direct taxes. |
| Dred Scott Case | Slaves were not US citizens (they had no rights) They couldnt sue for their freedom. |
| 19th Amendment | guarantee women the right to vote |
| The Truman Doctrine | provided political, military, and economic assistance to democratic nations threatened by authoritarian forces and governments, including Greece and Turkey. |
| 10th Amendment | division of power between national and state governments |
| Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher * advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings |
| The effects of High Tariffs | They benefit some groups at the expense of others. May weaken the economy |
| Command Economy | An economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. With little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods. |
| The New Deal | 1933-1937 Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression. |
| The Gettysburg Address | Short speech given by Abraham Lincoln; dedicating a cemetery for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. Is considered to be a profound statement of American Ideals. |
| the Articles of Confederation | America's first constitution which provided for a new central government with limited powers. |
| English Catholic Settlers mostly occupied | Maryland |
| The Battle of Appomattox Court House | Assoc.w/ the end of the Civil War Robert E. Lee (C) surrendered his Army to Ulysses Grant at The Battle of Appomattox Court House |
| Rivers of Mesopotamia | Une of the early river valley civilizations through the use of river water for irrigating crops, which produced sufficient surplus of food to support the first cities. |
| The Boston Tea Party | (1773) Colonists in Boston throws millions of dollars of tea off of British ships in protest of their Tea Tax and Boston Massacre. |
| The Trail of Tears | Native-Americans (particularly the Cherokee in Georgia and Tennessee) were forcibly removed from their land and made to march in the winter to reservations in Oklahoma. Over 4000 died out of 16000 who were forced to go. One of the greatest tragedies in American history. |
| The Adams-Onis Treaty | This treaty provided for the United States purchase of Florida from Spain in 1819. It also gained Spanish assurances to abandon its claims in the Oregon Territory. |
| The Dawes Act | supposed to "Americanize" Native Americans by encouraging in them the desire to own property and to farm reservation land distributed to Native American families |
| The Great Migration | 1914-1945; mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North; reasons = jobs, prejudice, crop failures; leads to race riots in the North |
| The Civil Rights Act | declared that African Americans were entitled to "equal benefit of all laws...enjoyed by white citizens" |
| the Kansas-Nebraska Act | created two territories: Kansas and Nebraska. Allowed white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. |
| The Proclamation Act | Prohibited English settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to appease the Native Americans. |
| The Sugar Act | Placed a tax on foreign sugar. The colonists objected to being taxed without representation. |
| The Currency Act | This act forbade the colonists from printing their own currency and instead required them to use hard currency (gold and silver), which was in short supply in the colonies. All taxes had to be paid in hard currency as well. |
| The Townshend Acts | Taxed goods, such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. It also allowed customs officials to search without real reason in order to prevent smuggling. Colonists believed that this tax was an example of taxation without representation. |
| Democratic-Republicans | Thomas Jefferson - People should have political power, favored a strong state government and agriculture |
| Federalist Party | led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They believed in a strong natl government. Did not want a Bill of Rights because citizen were protected by the constitution |
| Whigs | (Colonists), commonly referred to as patriots, who opposed King George and British rule over the colonies, sparking the American Revolution. |
| Democratic Party | Founded by Andrew Jackson - supported a decentralized government and state's rights |
| Missouri Compromise | "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. |
| Black Thursday | October 24, 1929; stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone |
| Black Tuesday | October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929 |
| Hoovervilles | Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress |
| Agricultural Adjustment Administration | New Deal Paid farmers to not to farm their lands |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | 1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved |
| Mesopotamia | first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture |
| Sumerians | People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions. |
| Persians | Ethnic group that settled in what is now Iran. They were rivals for control of Mesopotamia with the Greeks, and later the Arabs. |
| Gnosticism | A religious orientation advocating gnosis as the way to release a person's spiritual element |
| League of Nation | an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations |
| Cold War | A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. |
| Cultural Identity | Ones belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect. You can "identify with" a group or "identify against" a group (what you are, or what you are not) |
| Market Socialism | A type of socialism in which the means of production are owned or controlled by the government, but individuals and businesses make some economic decisions |
| Vertical Climate | overall weather patterns of a region as influenced by elevation; higher the elevation, the colder the climate. |
| Marine Climate | The climate of some coastal regions, with relatively warm winters and cool summers. |
| Subtropical Climate | This climate type has hot summers and mild winters/ it is found on the eastern side of the continents |
| French Colonists | settled in Northern New England Helped the Native Americ |
| Seven Years War | (1756-1763) French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. |
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd US President (Democratic-Republican) believed state govt should be stronger than federal. Opposed the federal bank. Believed commoners were the backbone of the nation. |
| Alexander Hamilton | (federalist)believed the federal government should have more power over the state. supported the first bank. favored business leaders and mistrusted the commoners |
| Archipelagos | groups of islands that's largely comprised of Indonesia and Philippines |
| Basin | A geographic depression - filled with water |
| isthmus | * A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas * Important for trade - build canals |
| Tributary | A stream or river that flows into a larger river |
| Tropic of Cancer | The imaginery line of latitude - 23 degrees north of the Equator. It marks the farthest north where the sun can be seen directly overhead. |
| Structuralism | Claude Levi-Straus Human beings build meaning out of conceptual differences and oppositions. (day/night. life/ death) |
| Auguste Comte | "Father of Sociology" - 19th century Philosopher Positivitism |
| Karl Marx | "Father of Communism" - 19th century German Philosopher The theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development. (Haves v. Have-Nots) |
| Conflict Theory | Karl Marx. The role of power and conflict in social organizations. The struggle btw labor and owners...gender, religion, race |
| Societal Organization | Any group that organizes its members into roles and provides connections among its members. ie. institutions of govt, education, religion, economic systems, family |
| Darwinian Model | Herbert Spenser, proposed that societies act like a species of animal under the influence of natural selection |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's own cultural group is superior to others. (prejudice, bias, discrimination) |
| Cultural Relativism | All cultures are equally valuable - should be studied from a neutral point of view. (understand the actions of others) |
| Cultural Pluralism | Small groups with seperate cultural identities are accepted by the wider culture within the larger society. Multiculturalism. |
| Sigmund Freud | A psychologist who developed psychoanalysis. Believed strongly that unconscious drives and desires guided people's actions. |
| classical conditioning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| operant conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| behaviorism | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior |
| Three branches of the government | Legislative, executive, and judicial |
| Legislative branch | They make the laws. Made up of the House of representatives |
| House of representatives | 435 members. the number each state has is based on the state's population. 100 % of members elected every 2 years |
| Executive branch | ones to enforce the laws, includes the president and vice president |
| judicial branch | interprets the meaning of laws, and decide if law violates the constitution |
| constitution | written in 1789, the frame of the government. defined the composition of the three branches |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 | Treaty between colonists and British, ended the revolutionary war |
| The Silk Road | a system of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty that stretched from China through India to Egypt, and eventually to the Roman Empire. |
| What at the 5 Great Lakes? Be able to locate them on a map. | What at the 5 Great Lakes? Be able to locate them on a map. A group of five freshwater lakes of central North America between the United States and Canada; the lakes are Huron (looks like a perched bird), Ontario (sits ontario, or on top of, Lake Erie), Michigan (boarders Michigan), Erie (at the bottom which is kind of eerie, and it boarders Erie, Pennsylvania), and Superior (the "superior" lake because it is at the top, and is the biggest) |
| What was the first successful English settlement in the Americas? | Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Jewelers and goldsmiths came, hoping to find gold. When there wasn't any gold, when there was no one willing to farm, and a harsh winter called the "Starving Time," struck, nearly half of the colonists died. The low survival rate in the New World made it difficult to find new colonists |
| What is the Mayflower Compact? | One of the first written frameworks of government in the US, which the Puritans signed while traveling to North America on the Mayflower. By signing, they were binding themselves to following "JUST AND EQUAL LAWS." |
| mercantilism | idea that the government should regulate the economy through local business, tariffs, and a favorable balance of trade, to increase their power. Relied on the increase of land ownership to provide room for producers and consumers. |
| Seven Years War | an eighteenth-century war fought in Europe, India, and North America. One of the major outcomes was England beating France to become the world's leading colonial power. The North American part of the war is called the French and Indian War. |
| Common Sense pamphlet | written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation during the time of the Revolutionary War |
| Battle of Saratoga | Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | 1863. This offer of freedom was to undermine Confederate southern states, it freed all slaves living in a rebellious state in the south. if they served. The Union formed black regiments, and blacks became a major part of the war effort. |
| Topographical map | Similar to a physical map but shows different physical landscape features. They are different however because they use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e.g. each line represents a 100 foot (30 m) elevation change) and when lines are close together the terrain is steep. |
| Thematic maps | map designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. These maps "can portray physical, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a region |
| anthropology | study of humanities |
| ring of fire | area located in the basin of the pacific ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur |
| physical map | Shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Mountains and elevation changes are usually shown with different colors and shades to show relief. |
| political map | does not show any topographic features. It instead focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map. |
| Indus River Valley (c. 2500-c. 1750 BCE) | Importance of water, city planning, agriculture. Civilization developed on the Indus River floodplain. Today part of Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western India. Well-organized, their drainage systems, wells and water storage systems were the most sophisticated in the ancient world. They also developed system of weights and trade |
| Early china (c. 1500-c. 771 BCE) | Ancestor worship, manorialism (lords and peasants worked together to support one another. The wealth of the lords came by the labors of the peasants who worked their lands. In return, the lords protected the peasants, offered them shelter, and insured that they were fed). Health discoveries (ex. acupunture) Agriculture (ex. the wheelbarrow and chain pump) war fare (ex. iron weapons) silk, and the making of paper. Most of these discoveries were made in the Han Dynasty. |
| Olmec society in Mesoamerica (c. 1200-c. 400 BCE) | Monumental sculpture, ceremonial centers, writing. The first major civilization in Mexico. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico. Practiced ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies |
| Ancient Egypt (c. 2711-c. 1090 BCE) | Influence of geography, hieroglyphics and Rosetta Stone, religious rulership, pyramids and the Valley of Kings. |
| Contributions of Greece | The Olympics, theater, advancements in science, art, great works of literature, amazing architecture, philosophy, mathematics, and the world's first democratic government |
| Government of Rome | Republican (representative) form of government; a representative democracy when people vote for a smaller group of citizens to make laws. |
| Contributions of Rome | Contributions of Rome Technology, Medicine, Language, Religion, Roman Law and Politics, Literature, Arts, Games |
| Japanese Feudalism | 12th-19th c. Where local rulers dominated the land, while the emperor was a figurehead. Organized around a four-tiered social structure, with the samurai warrior class at the top. Below them ranked farmers (including fisherman), and then artisans, with merchants and shopkeepers at the bottom. This hierarchy was due to Confucian ideals, which emphasized the importance of individuals who produced things. |
| 4 Major Inventions from China | Paper making, printing, compasses and gunpowder |
| Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. After the Zhou Dynasty fell China welcomed this philosophy |
| Mayans | Yucatan, Guatemala and Eastern Honduras. By 500 BCE agricultural people had begun using a ceremonial calendar and built stone pyramids on which they held religious observances |
| Aztecs | Mexico. Major feature was human sacrifice to their chief god. Government was centralized with an elective king and a large army. Characterized by the evolution of pottery, fabrics, and flat-topped mounds (huacas). |
| Incas | Interior of South America, Ecquador-Chile. "Children of the Sun", believed that they were the sun god's vice regents on earth and more powerful than other humans. Every person's place in society was fixed and immutable and that the state and army were supreme. |
| Scientific Revolution | emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. |
| Declaration of Independence | A statement adopted by the continental congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the 13 American colonies then at war with Great Britan were now independent states, and that's not longer part of the British Empire. Primarily work of Thomas Jefferson of VA. |
| Marbury vs. Madison | The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789 |
| Reconstruction | The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal |
| McCarthyism | The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee. |
| Sociology | Study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society |
| Capital | wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value |
| Opportunity cost | Whatever must be given up to obtain some item |
| Government's role in economics | Guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By adjusting spending and tax rates or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit (monetary policy), it can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth -- |
| Traditional Economy | An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next. |
| Free-market Economy | Capitalism, private ownership law of supply and demand; people decide what is produced |
| Communism | A political system characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government |
| Socialism | A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. |
| Capitalism | An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. |
| Imports and Exports | Export is any international transaction that causes goods to flow into a country; an import similarly is any international transaction that causes goods to flow out of a country |
| The Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments to the constitution. 1. separation of church and state, freedom of religion, press, assembly, speech; 2. Right to bear arms. 3. Cannot quarter soldiers; 4. Right to privacy and unreasonable searches; 5. Due process, self-incrimination, and double jeopardy; 6. Right to a public trial by and impartial jury; 7. Right to sue people; 8; No cruel and unusual punishment; 9. Enumeration of specific rights in the constitution cannot be taken as a way to deny other rights retained by the people; 10. Rights not delegated to the federal gov't by the constitution are reserved to states or people. |
| Miranda VS. Arizona | the supreme court case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. Decision based on rights given in 5th Amendment. |
| Louisiana Purchase | The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size. |
| Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |
| Renaissance | The great period of rebirth or enlightenment in art, literature, learning, and government in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. Important figures included the poets Petrarch and William Shakespeare, political adviser Niccolo Machiavelli, and the scholars Thomas More and Erasmus. Oil painting, perspective, and proportion were all discovered/invented. |
| Hundred Years War | The series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. Was discovered that foot soldiers with long bows were superior to armored knights thus ending medieval form of warfare. |
| French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. |
| Reign of Terror | The historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed |
| Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. |
| Industrial Revolution | The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, beginning in England from about 1750 to about 1850. Inventions such as steam engine, steam ships, locomotives, cotton gin, flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and power loom fueled the revolution as well as advances in steel production and the use of electricity. Later the internal combustion engine led to cars. At first there were no regulations regarding working and living conditions but later in the century there were many reforms. |
| Ottoman Empire | A Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire around 1453. Became static because of the Muslim belief that all truth can be found in the Koran so did not participate in the Renaissance and Enlightenment with the western civilizations. |
| Mongol Empire | An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe making it the largest land empire in the world. |
| Six Day War | (1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula. |
| Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China and took possession of Hong Kong. |
| How did the labor force change in the 1830s | Employers began hiring Immigrants |
| United Nations | former after WW2, organization to prevent conflicts |
| Bill of rights | the first 10 amendments made to the constitution |
| Panama Canal connects what 2 bodies of Water | Pacific and Atlantic Sea |
| Himalayas | highest mountain in the world, over 100 peaks. located in Asia |
| federalism | the division of power between a central government and the constituent governments (states) |
| checks and balances | the constitutional arrangement of powers that prevents one branch of the government from becoming to powerful |
| separation of power | the division of power among the three branches of the U.S government |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | Supreme court ruled that segregating schools on race was discrimination, overturned the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson |
| New England Colonies | Mass, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire |
| Mid Atlantic Colonies | NJ, NY, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware |
| Southern Colonies | Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina |
| Mid Atlantic Economic Activities | Shipbuilding, iron mining, production of paper, glass, textiles, farming |
| Proclamation Act | Prohibited English settlement beyond Appalachian mountains to appease Native Americans |
| Stamp Act | tax on newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, almanacs |
| Sons of Liberty | Staged riots in opposition to stamp act |
| Dred Scott | Slave, whose owner had taken him from a slave state to a free state |
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