Created by Martha Mills
over 6 years ago
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Question | Answer |
What 4 things need to be interchanged between an organism and its environment? | - Respiratory gases - Nutrients - Waste products - Heat |
In what 2 ways can exchange occur? | - Passively (no energy) -diffusion and osmosis - Actively (energy required) - active transport |
In what way are small organisms adapted to exchange efficiently? | - large surface area to volume ratio - surface area is large enough compared to their volume |
How are organisms adapted to exchange if diffusion is the only transport method? | - Flat shape so that no cell is ever far from the surface - Specialised exchange surfaces with large surface area to increase SA:V ratio |
What are the features of a specialised exchange surface? | - large surface area - short diffusion pathway - Steep concentration gradient maintained |
Define simple diffusion? | - The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
What is the equation for Fick's law? | Rate of diffusion = (surface area x concentration gradient) / diffusion distance |
Describe the changes when you inspire? (breathing in) | - External intercostal muscles contract, internal intercostal muscles relax - ribs move up and out - diaphragm contracts (flattens) - Volume of the thorax increases - Air pressure in the lungs decreases |
Describe the changes when you expire? (breathing out) | - External intercostal muscles relax, internal intercostal muscles contract - Ribs move down and in - Diaphragm relaxes (domed) - Volume of thorax decrease -Air pressure in the lungs increases |
Describe the structure and function of the trachea? | - Flexible airway made of rings of cartilage - Cartilage stops collapsing when air pressure changes - Walls made up of ciliated epithelia and goblet cells -Goblet cells produce mucus that traps dirt particles and bacteria from air breathed in -Cillia move dirty mucus up to the throat where it oasses down oesophagus into stomach |
Describe the structure and function of the bronchi? | - Two divisions of the trachea, each leading up to one lung - Similar functions to the trachea (mucus moved up) |
Describe the structure and function of the bronchioles? | - Branching subdivisions of the bronchi, muscle walls lined with epithelial cells - Muscles allows for constriction to control air flow in and out of the alveoli |
Describe the structure and function of the alveoli? | - Minute air sacs at the end of the bronchioles, contain elastic fibers and are lined with epithelial cells - Elastic fibers allow for stretching and recoil when breathing in and out |
Describe why is diffusion from the alveoli to blood rapid? | - Walls of alveoli and capillaries are very thin + RBCs squeezed flat against the capillary walls - short diffusion pathway -RBC are slowed as they pass through pulmonary capillaries - more time for diffusion - Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries have very large SA - Constant blood flow in alveoli - maintains a steep concentration gradient |
What are the causes, effects and symptoms of asthma? | - Smooth muscle walls of bronchi/bronchioles contract and secrete more mucus - Constriction and inflammation decreases the diameter of the air ways - air flow in and out reduced, reducing the amount of oxygen to the alveoli - Lower concentration gradient so lower rate of diffusion |
Squamous epithelium | - provides short diffusion distance |
Ciliated epithelium | - cilia waft mucus along airway |
glandular tissue | - produces mucus |
cartilage | - supports the airway |
smooth muscles | - Constricts the airway |
Elastic tissue | - recoils to dilate airways or to help expel air from the alveoli |
Blood | - Transport gases |
Nervous tissue | - carries messages to coordinate action |
Connective tissue | Holds other tissues together |
Define alveoli | - tiny folds of the lung epithelium to icrease the surface area |
Define Bronchi and bronchioles | - smaller airways leading to the lungs |
Define diaphragm | - a layer of muscle beneath the lungs |
Define intercostal muscles | - Muscles between the ribs - Contraction of the external intercostal muscles raises the rib cage |
Define trachea | - The main airway leading from te back if the mouth to the lungs |
Define ventilation | - The refreshing of air in the lungs so that there is a higher oxygen concentration than in the blood, and a lower carbon dioxide concentration |
Define cartilage | - A form of connective tissue |
Define elastic fibres | - Protein fibres that can deform and then recoil to their original |
Define ciliated epithelium | - A layer of cells that have many hair like extensions called cilia |
Define goblet cells | - cells that secret mucus |
Define smooth muscle | - Involuntary muscles that contract without the need for conscious thought |
Define breathing rate | - The number of breaths per minute |
Define oxygen uptake | - The volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute |
Define tidal volume | - the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath, usually measured at rest |
Define spirometer | - a device that can measure the movement of air into and out of the lungs |
Define vital capacity | - The greatest the volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath |
Define buccal cavity | - the mouth |
Define countercurrent flow | - where two fluids flow in opposite directions |
Define filaments | - slender branches of tissue that make up the gill. - also called gill plates |
Define operculum-77jbh---gun | - a bony flap that covers and protects the gills |
Define spiracle | - an external opening or pore that allows air in or out of the tracheae |
Define tracheal fluid | - the fluid found at the ends of the tracheoles in the tracheal system |
Define tracheal system | - a system of air filled tubes in insects |
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