10713918
Description
Flashcards by Savannah Duggan, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Savannah Duggan
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Thomas Willis | - 1600s, Anne Green revival - 'neurology', Circle of Willis, named many areas and created vital neuro-anatomy resource for 200 years - believed blood held aspects of the soul - we can figure out function by analyzing dysfunction & damage |
| Franz Joseph Gall | - early 1800s - localization (~ 35 faculties located in specific brain structures) - believed brain regions were like muscles, more use = physical growth - phrenology: debunked by Flourens |
| Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens | - early 1800s, Napolean's scientist - Studied animals and discovered: no cerebellum = no coordination/balance, no cerebral cort = bad perception/movement - aggregate field theory - whole brain contributed to behaviour |
| John Hughlings Jackson | - Late 1800s, clinical neurologist - agreed with aggregate field theory - predicted topographic organization of cerebral cortex by observing muscle movements during seizures |
| Paul Broca | - Late 1800s, Paris - "Tan Man" case: left inferior frontal lobe lesion affected speech generation - example of Localization |
| Carl Wernicke | - Late 1800s, Germany - stroke patient who could freely vocalize nonsense and couldn't understand oral or written language: Lesion in left posterior area affected language comprehension - example of Localization |
| Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz | - Late 1800s, Germany - figured out electrical currents carried info - dissected sciatic nerve of frog attached to calf muscle; created sensitive timing device/upgraded galvanometer - transmission speeds 24.6-38.4 m/s |
| Korbinian Brodmann | - Early 1900s, Germany - Nissl stain to differentiate areas, analyzed cellular organization of human cortex - IDed 52 areas of cytoarchitectronics |
| Camillo Golgi | - Early 1900s, Italy - Golgi Stain: silver stain 1-3% of neurons, throughout dendrites, soma and axons - Syncytium: believed cells in brain shared continuous network in cytoplasm - shared 1906 physio Nobel with Cajal |
| Santiago Ramon y Cajal | - Early 1900s, Spain - "Father of Modern Neuroscience" - Golgi stains, proposed discrete neurons - info flows primarily one way: from the dendrite to the axonal terminal - shared 1906 in physio Nobel with Golgi |
| Sir Charles Sherrington | - 1932 Nobel prize in physiology - Study of reflexes, characterized the nature of synapses. |
| Rationalism | - Gain knowledge through reasoning, replaced religion among intellectuals - Questioned mental states, morality, society, restricted to assessing via probabilities, induction/deduction, stats - Descartes (dualism) & Liebniz (calculus) |
| Empiricism | - Knowledge from sensory experience - Blank slate, complexities arise with association of simple ideas/info - Thomas Hobbes, John Locke (Tabula Rasa), David Hume, John Stuart Mill - Led to Associationism |
| Associationism | - Mental dev from experiences - Ebbinghaus, Thorndike, Alexander Bain - Bottom-up approach |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | - Late 1800s, Germany - demonstrated that memory can be investigated experimentally: nonsense syllables, exponential learning and forgetting curves, serial position effect - only studied himself |
| Edward Thorndike | - Early 1900s - "Law of Effect" probability of behaviour following reward, punishment or lack of consequence (operant conditioning) along with Alexander Bain |
| Behaviourism | - strictly objective, only studied observable behaviour (anti-Ebbinghaus) - Watson, Skinner |
| John B Watson | - Early 1900s - transition associationism to behaviourism - Little Albert study: blank slate with brain capabilities to acquire any skill, only difference was experience |
| B.F. Skinner | Strong proponent of behaviourism |
| Wilder Penfield | - 1930s - Stimulated brain with electrical probes during surgery, observed effects - Mapped Jackson's cortices - 'Montreal Procedure' to treat epilepsy, destroyed seizure locus |
| Donald O. Hebb | - Cells that fire together, wire together: Organization of Behaviour, 1949 - brain always active, inputs modify activity - Worked with Penfield |
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