B1-Apunts

GRAMMAR:Present simple: subject+verb/s (don't/doesn't)+complements_We use it to talk about quotidian actions or habbits. For things we do regulary, for facts, for verbs called state verbs which describe what we think and feel. I walk to school with a friend every day. My sister doesn't go to the sports club very often. What do you do on Saturdays? We live near my grandparents. Mike knows the asnwer to the question. Do you like this club? Present continuous: subject+is/are (isn't/aren't)+verb-ing_We use it to talk about actions that are progressing now or around now. For things that are happening now, for future plans. We're doing our homework. I am helping my dad in his office this week. They're playing table tennis after school. (They plan to play table tennis) You aren't being nice. Past simple: subject+verb in past (didn't)+complements_We use it to talk about finished actions in the past or situations in the past. We often mention the time when things happened. You didn't look at price of the potatoes. Did she enjoy the concert? I met my mum after school. Did you go out last night? Past continuous: subject+was/were+verb-ing_We use it to talk about actions in progress in the past, we can include the time. I was chatting to my friends online. We were texting my mum. It wasn't raining at that time. Present perfect: subject+have/has (haven't/hasn't)+verb in past participle_We use it to talk about actions in a recent past, we don't say the exactly the time. For experiences in our life up to the present. She has seen that film. They've heard that song. We haven't visited this museum. Have you tried Thai food? Past perfect: subject+had (hadn't)+verb in past participle_We use it to talk about actions in the past.Comparatives and superlatives: more than/-er than, the most/the -st.Some/ any, much/ many, a lot of, a few/ a little: _We use some and any with plural countable nouns and uncontable nouns. We use some in positive sentences. We use any in questions and negatives. _We use a lot of with plural countable nouns and with uncountable nouns, in positive and negative sentences and questions. _We use many with plural countable nouns in questions and negatives. _We use much with uncountable nouns in negative sentences and questions. _We use a few and a little in positive sentences and questions. _We use a few with plural countable nouns. _We use a littlewith uncountable nouns.Have to and must/ should and shouldn't: Have to changes form. I have to go to school. You had to go to school. She has to be home by 10 pm. He doen't have to do any homework today. They didn't have to clean the car. We don't use contractions in the positive: You've to go, He's to stay.Must has only one form. There is no past tense of must; we use the past form had to. I must catch the early bus. She must be at the time. You musn't be late. They musn't run fast. We use must or have to for a rule or something it is necessary to do. You must be 18 to see that film. He has to practise the guitar every day. We use mustn't for a negative rule or something it is necessary not to do. I mustn't sleep in class They mustn't open the letter. Don't/ didn't have to means that it is/was not necessary to do something. She doesn't have to answer that email. You didn't have to do a test. Should has only one form. I should tidy the living room. We shouldn't make a mess. We use should when we think it is a good idea to do something. He should buy a present for my mum. They should build a new sports center. We use shouldn't when we think it is a bad idea to do in something. You shouldn't do your homework in front of the TV. We shouldn't eat too many chips. We use should in questions when we ask for a advice. What should I say in my interview? Which shoes should I wear with this dress? Be going to: subject+be going to (isn't/aren't)+verb in present_We use it for intentions, for things we intend to do in the future or for things we know are likely to happen. I'm going to run We are going to finish. You're not going to win. Is she going to leave? Are you going to play? You drive well now, I'm sure you're going to pass your driving test. Been and gone: The verb go has two forms in the present perfect: have gone and have been. They have different meanings. Have/has gone means that someone is in another place. Have/has been means that someone went to that place in ther past but is not there now. Tessa has gone to the club. (She isn't here,she's at the club) Jack's gone to the city centre. (He's not here, he's in the city centre) She has been to the club. (She visited the club some time in the past, but she isn't there now) Jack's been to the city centre. (he's not here now, he was there some time before now) Ever, never and short answers: We use ever and never with the present perfect to mean 'in your whole life' or 'not in your whole life'. We can use Yes, I have and No, I haven't to answer these questions. Have you ever been to Lapland? Yes, I have. (Some time before now) No, I haven't. (She/He has never been to Lapland in his/her life) How long ? and for/since: We use how long + present perfect to ask a question about a period of time up to now. How long have you lived there? How long have you known your best friend? We use for to introduce the lenght of time something lasted. For ten years. For a long time. For six weeks. We use since to say when something began. Since six o'clock. Since my birthday party. Since las year. When there is a verb after since, it is in the past simple. I have known him since I was eleven. Since I started school. Since I arrived in Madrid. Will and be going to: We form the future with will/won't + verb. We use will for general predictions about the future or for decisions which we make at the same time as we are speaking. We'll (will) write a test on Monday. She won't go to the party. Will they want...? People will be healthier. Will everyone live longer? I'll have a cake with my coffee. I won't wait any longer. We use be going to for plans we have already made or for predictions based on what we know or can see when we speak. Our teacher is going to give us the test results soon. I'm not going to spend a lot of money today. What are we going to eat today? Business is good - we're going to be rich! Look at the crowd round the table - the food's going to run out.