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Physical Fundamentals

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This is the first set of quiz questions to support my Introduction to Radar Remote Sensing option at the University of Edinburgh, and for people learning from my book, Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing (eBook available on Amazon).
Iain Woodhouse
Quiz by Iain Woodhouse, updated more than 1 year ago More Less
Iain Woodhouse
Created by Iain Woodhouse over 8 years ago
Iain Woodhouse
Copied by Iain Woodhouse over 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Which of the following would NOT normally be considered as a form of remote sensing?
Answer
  • Sonar
  • Radar
  • Seismology
  • Ultrasound
  • Gravimetrics
  • None of the above. They are all forms of remote sensing.

Question 2

Question
Electromagnetic radiation can be described completely using wavelength, wave velocity, frequency and amplitude?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 3

Question
Label the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Image:
dec8bfaf-1371-47fb-a3e8-b8a7c5cd8c5b (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Visible
  • Gamma rays
  • Optical
  • Electromagnetic
  • Radar
  • Radio
  • Microwave
  • Sonic
  • Seismic
  • Millimetre
  • Sub-millimetre
  • Thermal IR
  • Near Infra-Red
  • Ultra-violet
  • X-rays

Question 4

Question
Label this EM Spectrum with the typical processes that emits radiation of that approximate wavelength.
Image:
6ad9a528-f70f-44c5-9757-b42223cadef0 (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Molecular transitions (e.g. rotation)
  • High energy molecular transitions
  • Non-ionising electron transitions
  • Ionising electron transitions
  • Thermo nuclear transitions
  • Nuclear transitions

Question 5

Question
Electromagnetic radiation can be created when... (note: there may be more than one answer)
Answer
  • an electron moves from one energy state to a lower energy state.
  • an molecule moves from one kinetic energy state to a lower energy state (e.g. vibration or rotation states).
  • an atomic nucleus changes from one energy state to a lower energy state.
  • an electron moves from one energy state to a higher energy state.
  • an molecule moves from one kinetic energy state to a higher energy state (e.g. vibration or rotation states).
  • an atomic nucleus changes from one energy state to a higher energy state.
  • None of the other answers are correct.

Question 6

Question
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Answer
  • Geostationary satellites take 24 hours to orbit the Earth and therefore always remain above the same point on the ground.
  • Geostationary satellites are never in near-polar orbits -- they are always in equatorial orbits.
  • Earth observation satellites in a sun-synchronous orbit travel slightly East-to-West -- the opposite direction to the rotation of the Earth.
  • Some Earth observation satellites in LEO are near-equatorial, so that they only cover the tropical regions.
  • Sun synchronous orbits are always arranged to have a local solar time beneath the satellite at approximately 10:00-10:30 in the morning so as to minimise the cloud cover.

Question 7

Question
Which of the following in NOT an advantages of satellite measurements?
Answer
  • Consistent measurements globally.
  • Rapid large area coverage.
  • Near continuous measurements over many years.
  • Making measurements above the atmosphere.
  • None of the other answers (they are all advantages)

Question 8

Question
The sky appears blue because atmospheric molecules are [blank_start]Rayleigh[blank_end] scatterers in the [blank_start]visible[blank_end] part of the spectrum. Light at the [blank_start]blue[blank_end] end of the spectrum is therefore [blank_start]scattered[blank_end] significantly more than at the [blank_start]red[blank_end] end, where the light mostly passes through atmosphere.
Answer
  • Rayleigh
  • Mie
  • Optical
  • Blackbody
  • visible
  • infra-red
  • ultraviolet
  • microwave
  • blue
  • green
  • yellow
  • scattered
  • absorbed
  • transmitted
  • red

Question 9

Question
Which of the following exhibit signs of "optical scattering" in the visible part of the spectrum? (There may be more than one correct answer -- click all that apply).
Answer
  • Polar bear fur.
  • Milk.
  • White emulsion paint.
  • Clouds.
  • Healthy leaves.
  • The atmosphere.

Question 10

Question
Which of the following might a "passive" remote sensing system measure? (Select all that apply).
Answer
  • Emitted radiation from the Earth's surface.
  • Emitted radiation from the atmosphere.
  • Solar NIR radiation scattered off the surface of the Earth.
  • Solar radiation scattered off the atmosphere.
  • Scattered microwave radiation originating from the remote sensing system itself.
  • Scattered NIR radiation originating from the remote sensing system itself (e.g. a laser).
  • Solar visible radiation scattered off the surface of the Earth.
  • Solar radiation after it has passed through the atmosphere.

Question 11

Question
The five different resolutions are: [blank_start]spatial[blank_end] (based on angular resolution of the instrument), [blank_start]range[blank_end] (based on pulse size for active instruments), [blank_start]spectral[blank_end] (ability to distinguish in wavelength), [blank_start]radiometric[blank_end] (ability to distinguish different brightness levels), [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] (ability to distinguish events in time).
Answer
  • spatial
  • range
  • spectral
  • radiometric
  • temporal

Question 12

Question
Which of the following best describes the general term "resolution"?
Answer
  • The ability to distinguish (separate) two infinitely narrow signals in some measurement system.
  • The size (on the ground) of a pixel in an image.
  • The area (on the ground) of a pixel in an image.
  • The ability to distinguish (separate) two point targets on the ground.

Question 13

Question
The Earth's greenhouse effect is mostly driven by which gas?
Answer
  • Water vapour
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Methane
  • Nitrogen gas
  • Oxygen

Question 14

Question
1) What frequency of EM radiation corresponds to a wavelength of a) 600nm, and b) 3cm?
Answer
  • (a) 500 THz and (b) 10 GHz
  • (a) 50 THz and (b) 10 GHz
  • (a) 500 THz and (b) 1 GHz
  • (a) 500 GHz and (b) 10 GHz
  • (a) 500 THz and (b) 10 THz

Question 15

Question
Domestic electricity supply is at a frequency of 50Hz. What wavelength of electromagnetic radiation would you expect as a result of this oscillating electric field?
Answer
  • 6000km
  • 3000km
  • 600km
  • 60km
  • 6m

Question 16

Question
If a satellite has an inclination angle of 98° it will pass the equator on the ascending pass with a bearing of [blank_start]352˚[blank_end]. At its closest pass to the poles, its bearing will be [blank_start]270˚[blank_end]? (Note, bearings are relative to North).
Answer
  • 352˚
  • 8˚
  • 90˚
  • 270˚
  • 188˚
  • 172˚

Question 17

Question
Click all the following answers that you think explains why we use sinusoidal functions to describe EM radiation.
Answer
  • EM radiation has wavelike properties.
  • Sinusoidal functions are easy to use mathematically.
  • Sinusoidal functions have wavelike properties.
  • It works.
  • Sinusoidal functions can be used to explain photons.
  • Sine is a function button on most electronic calculators.
  • They work well with deci-Bels.

Question 18

Question
Drag and drop the names of the key variables in this diagram.
Image:
6abc40c1-3178-4eca-bef1-e00f92ff69ee (image/png)
Answer
  • The phase angle
  • The y-component of E-field
  • The wave amplitude
  • The wave vector
  • The direction of propagation of the wave
  • The wavelength
  • The magnetic field vector
  • The wave velocity

Question 19

Question
Who is this guy?
Image:
be733696-e04d-4a8a-8d73-41fa57085f5b (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Robert Watson Watt
  • James Clerk Maxwell
  • Michael Faraday
  • Bernard Lovell

Question 20

Question
Correctly label this wave function.
Image:
9e063b82-27b1-474b-b76e-408cafbb24ab (image/png)
Answer
  • The wave function
  • The distance travelled
  • The amplitude of the wave
  • The sine function
  • The wavenumber
  • The wavelength
  • The frequency of the wave
  • The phase

Question 21

Question
Correctly label this equation used for describing wave properties.
Image:
468387ca-7c85-41f1-8697-3698c857a453 (image/png)
Answer
  • pi=3.14159...
  • Period
  • Wave function
  • The wavelength
  • The wavenumber
  • Angular velocity

Question 22

Question
Correctly label this wave equation.
Image:
f76cd000-4752-4170-b830-f651fc6dda9f (image/png)
Answer
  • The wavefunction
  • The amplitude of the wave
  • The wavenumber
  • The time from time zero
  • The distance of propagation from zero
  • The angular velocity
  • The starting phase (phase at t=0)
  • The cosine function
  • The period of the wave
  • The wave velocity

Question 23

Question
When using imaginary numbers, we use the lower case letter "i" to represent ...
Answer
  • √(-1)
  • -√(-1)
  • e^(-1)
  • -e^(-1)

Question 24

Question
e^(-iπ)= ?
Answer
  • 1
  • -1
  • √(-1)
  • 0
  • -√(-1)

Question 25

Question
Convert the following to dB: 0.5, 2, 10, 1000, 0.1
Answer
  • -3.01, 3.01, 10, 30, -10
  • -0.30, 0.30, 1, 3, -1
  • -30.1, 30.1, 100, 300, -100
  • -6.93, 6.93, 23.1 69.1, -23.0
  • 3.01, -3.01, -10, -30, 10

Question 26

Question
What does this graph represent?
Image:
397d2077-16e3-4467-8524-1c0d61985a60 (image/png)
Answer
  • It represents individual waves as vectors. The real and imaginary axes allow us to represent any given wave with an amplitude and a phase angle. We can add any number of wave vectors nose-to-tail to determine the resulting wave from coherently adding the waves together.
  • It represents individual waves as vectors. The real and imaginary axes allow us to represent any given wave with an velocity and a frequency angle. We can add any number of wave vectors nose-to-tail to determine the resulting wave from incoherently adding the waves together.
  • It represents the polarisation of individual waves. The real and imaginary axes are perpendicular to the direction of travel and allow us to visualise an amplitude and phase. We can add any number of polarised wave vectors nose-to-tail to determine the resulting wave from coherently adding the waves together.
  • It represents the polarisation of individual waves. The real and imaginary axes are perpendicular to the direction of travel. We can add any number of polarised wave vectors nose-to-tail to determine the resulting wave from incoherently adding the waves together.

Question 27

Question
(a) What kind of interference does this figure represent? (b) What is the resulting wave vector amplitude and direction?
Image:
144bfbc1-42e1-4f97-b9c5-902f75d3e010 (image/png)
Answer
  • (a) Constructive interference. (b) A wave of amplitude 2A and in the same direction as the two original waves.
  • (a) Constructive interference. (b) A wave of amplitude 2 and in the same direction as the two original waves.
  • (a) Destructive interference. (b) A wave of amplitude 4A and in the opposite direction as the two original waves.
  • (a) Constructive interference. (b) A wave of amplitude 2A and in the opposite direction to the two original waves.

Question 28

Question
(a) What kind of interference does this figure represent? (b) What is the resulting wave vector amplitude and direction?
Image:
aeb6f49d-d0ba-4c0d-8512-2c8d87e26d8e (image/png)
Answer
  • (a) Destructive interference. (b) The null vector, with no amplitude or direction.
  • (a) Constructive interference. (b) The null vector, with no amplitude or direction.
  • (a) Destructive interference. (b) A vector of amplitude 2A and in the same direction as the original waves.
  • (a) Constructive interference. (b) A vector of amplitude 2A and in the same direction as the original waves.

Question 29

Question
What is the resulting wave vector amplitude and direction if these two waves are coherently combined?
Image:
73a6af04-fa5c-4a50-a435-5c7a3c5e8d36 (image/png)
Answer
  • A wave vector of length A√2 in a direction half way between the original wave vector directions.
  • A wave vector of length A√2 in a direction 45˚ from the real axis.
  • A wave vector of length 2A in a direction half way between the original wave vector directions.
  • A wave vector of length 2A in a direction 45˚ from the real axis.
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