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NMS Semester 2 Set 5 Quiz - The brain and control of movement 1+2

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Question 1

Question
The spinal cord contains CPG's that can produce locomotor patterns without descending influence.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 2

Question
What are the three brain centres that can be imposed on SC circuitry?
Answer
  • Motor cortex
  • Visual cortex
  • Cerebellum
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Parietal cortex

Question 3

Question
Lateral pathways are associated with control of?
Answer
  • Distal flexor muscles
  • Proximal/axial extensors to control posture

Question 4

Question
Ventromedial pathways control what?
Answer
  • Distal flexor muscles
  • Proximal/axial extensors to control posture

Question 5

Question
Ventromedial pathways are under control of the brainstem, whereas lateral pathways execute voluntary actions.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 6

Question
Name the lateral motor pathways
Answer
  • Corticospinal
  • Rubrospinal
  • Reticulospinal
  • Tectospinal
  • Vestibulospinal

Question 7

Question
Name the ventromedial motor pathways
Answer
  • Rubrospinal
  • Corticospinal
  • Reticulospinal
  • Vestibulospinal
  • Tectospinal

Question 8

Question
Where does the vestibulospinal tract run from and what is its function?
Answer
  • Vestibular nucleus to the spinal cord
  • Solitary nucleus to the spinal cord
  • It relays gravitational sensory information from CN VIII and co-ordinates postural responses such as the balance of the head and neck
  • It relays gravitational sensory information from CN X and co-ordinates postural responses such as the balance of the head and neck

Question 9

Question
Where does the tectospinal tract run from and what is its function?
Answer
  • Vestibular nucleus to the spinal cord
  • Superior colliculus to the spinal cord
  • It relays visual information from the visual cortex and retina and orientates the head and eyes
  • It relays gravitational sensory information from CN VIII and co-ordinates postural responses such as the balance of the head and neck

Question 10

Question
The reticulospinal tract originates from the reticular formation.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 11

Question
The pontine reticulospinal tract modulates voluntary override of the medullary reticulospinal tract.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
The pontine reticulospinal tract modulates posture via leg extensors.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 13

Question
The motor cortex is the only brain centre required for co-ordinated movement.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 14

Question
What is the function of the supplementary motor area (SMA)?
Answer
  • Planning and initiation of the final action to be taken
  • Bimanual coordination
  • Control of movement sequencing
  • Control of the distal musculature

Question 15

Question
What is the function of the pre-motor cortex?
Answer
  • Planning and initiation of the final action to be taken
  • Bimanual coordination
  • Control of movement sequencing
  • Control of the distal musculature

Question 16

Question
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Answer
  • Planning and initiation of the final action to be taken
  • Bimanual coordination
  • Control of movement sequencing
  • Control of the distal musculature

Question 17

Question
The motor homunculus (the somatotopic arrangement) is evenly distributed for all areas of the body.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
The SMA, Pre-motor cortex and Primary motor cortex contribute what percentage of motor fibres to the corticospinal tract?
Answer
  • 50%
  • 25%
  • 40%
  • 70%

Question 19

Question
Corticospinal tract fibres innervate small groups of muscle instead of single muscles and encode the force and direction of movement.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 20

Question
Stroke/tumours may damage UMN, what can this lead to?
Answer
  • Hypertonia
  • Hypotonia
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Hyporeflexia

Question 21

Question
UMN damage will affect the side of the body contralateral to the damage. This means UMN damage will affect the same side that the damage occurs.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 22

Question
What is the output of the spino-cerebellum pathway?
Answer
  • Reticular nucleus
  • Red nucleus
  • Vestibular nucleus
  • Pre-motor cortex

Question 23

Question
What is the output of the cerebro-cerebellum pathway?
Answer
  • Pre-motor cortex
  • Vestibular nucleus
  • Red nucleus
  • Reticular nucleus

Question 24

Question
What is the output of the vestibulo-cerebellum pathway?
Answer
  • Vestibular nucleus
  • Red nucleus
  • Reticular nucleus
  • Pre-motor cortex

Question 25

Question
What does the spino-cerebellum tract help to control?
Answer
  • Axial musculature and posture
  • Sends compensatory signals to the primary motor cortex
  • Control over posture, balance and eye movement.

Question 26

Question
What does the cerebro-cerebellum tract help to control?
Answer
  • Axial musculature and posture
  • Sends compensatory signals to the primary motor cortex
  • Control over posture, balance and eye movement.

Question 27

Question
What does the vestibulo-cerebellum tract help to control?
Answer
  • Control over posture, balance and eye movement.
  • Sends compensatory signals to the primary motor cortex
  • Axial musculature and posture

Question 28

Question
Damage to the spino-cerebellum pathway could lead to what?
Answer
  • Hypotonia, Ataxia, Dysmetria
  • Asynergy, Ataxia, Dysarthia
  • Slow saccade impairment, nystagmus

Question 29

Question
Damage to the cerebro-cerebellum pathway could lead to what?
Answer
  • Asynergy, Ataxia, Dysarthia
  • Hypotonia, Ataxia, Dysmetria
  • Slow saccades, nystagmus

Question 30

Question
Damage to the vestibulo-cerebellum pathway could lead to what?
Answer
  • Slow saccades, nystagmus
  • Asynergy, Ataxia, Dysarthia
  • Hypotonia, Ataxia, Dysmetria

Question 31

Question
The vestibulo-ocular reflex is performed by the vestibulo-cerebellum pathway and samples visual disparities. It then provides a correction signal to do what?
Answer
  • Keep an observed image on the retina as the head moves via oculomotor muscles
  • Make sure the oculomotor muscles contract to a proper extent
  • Turn the eyes in the same direction as head movement

Question 32

Question
The function of the cerebellum overall is to act as...?
Answer
  • A sampler - compare inputs and make necessary changes
  • A timer - coordinating smooth movements
  • A predictor - executing movements from learnt behaviour
  • To modulate posture

Question 33

Question
Name 1. on the cortico-basalgangliga-cortical loop.
Image:
d46a0554-f02f-444e-b294-4fd014ecc0f9 (image/png)
Answer
  • Stratium
  • Globus Pallidus external
  • Sub thalamic nucleus
  • Cortex

Question 34

Question
Name 2. on the cortico-basalgangliga-cortical loop.
Image:
6d27ad24-6e53-4171-a383-e3baab246b92 (image/png)
Answer
  • Stratium
  • Globus Pallidus external
  • Sub thalamic nucleus
  • Cortex

Question 35

Question
Name 3. on the cortico-basalgangliga-cortical loop.
Image:
2c52ce1e-37ef-462f-b83b-e7dc92f1140d (image/png)
Answer
  • Stratium
  • Globus Pallidus external
  • Sub thalamic nucleus
  • Cortex

Question 36

Question
Name 4. on the cortico-basalgangliga-cortical loop.
Image:
943fdc91-9594-42bf-82f2-e8a0479d04d4 (image/png)
Answer
  • Cortex
  • Striatum
  • Globus Pallidus external
  • Sub thalamic nucleus

Question 37

Question
Name the hypokinetic disorder
Answer
  • Parkinsons
  • Huntingtons

Question 38

Question
Name the hyperkinetic disorder
Answer
  • Parkinsons
  • Huntingtons

Question 39

Question
In parkinsons, the death of SNc dopaminergic neurons has what effect on cortex feedback?
Answer
  • Decreased stimulation of the striatium leads to less inhibitory drive and therefore higher excitatory drive from the sub-thalamic nucleus, leading to excessive stimulation of an inhibitory signal to the thalamus and thus excitatory signals back to the cortex are reduced. (hypokineticism)
  • Decreased stimulation of the striatium leads to less inhibitory drive and therefore higher excitatory drive from the sub-thalamic nucleus, leading to excessive stimulation of an inhibitory signal to the thalamus and thus excitatory signals back to the cortex are increased. (hyperkineticism)

Question 40

Question
In huntingtons, the lack of an inhibitory striatum signal to the GPe leads to what?
Answer
  • Lack of an inhibitory signal to the GPe means that the GPe sends out excess inhibitory signals to the STN. The STN is therefore inhibited and sends out fewer excitatory signals to the SNr/GPi. This in turn causes fewer inhibitory signals to the thalamus and therefore excitatory signals from the thalamus to the cortex increase.
  • Lack of an excitatory signal to the GPe means that the GPe sends out excess inhibitory signals to the STN. The STN is therefore inhibited and sends out fewer excitatory signals to the SNr/GPi. This in turn causes fewer inhibitory signals to the thalamus and therefore excitatory signals from the thalamus to the cortex increase.

Question 41

Question
What are the symptoms of parkinsons?
Answer
  • Tremor
  • Akinesia
  • Bradykinesia
  • Excessive movement
  • Rapid motor patterns

Question 42

Question
What are the symptoms of huntingtons?
Answer
  • Tremor
  • Akinesia
  • Bradykinesia
  • Excessive movement
  • Rapid motor patterns

Question 43

Question
What is ataxia and is it usually associated with basal ganglia or cerebellar dysfunction?
Answer
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebellar dysfunction
  • Slow movement
  • Lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements

Question 44

Question
Basal ganglia disorders such as Parkinson's have symptoms such as an intention tremor.
Answer
  • True
  • False
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