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7296538
Brucella
Description
BVSc3 AD2 (Specific Bacteria) Mind Map on Brucella, created by Jess Pope on 27/12/2016.
No tags specified
specific bacteria
ad2
bvsc3
ad2
specific bacteria
bvsc3
Mind Map by
Jess Pope
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Jess Pope
over 7 years ago
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Resource summary
Brucella
Habitat, nutrients, energy and oxygen
Habitat
Zoonotic – passed by contact and by aerosol
Highly infectious
Obligate parasites in preferred natural host
Poor environmental survival
Few hours unprotected in sunlight
Days protected by urine/aborted material
Months protected by damp/cool weather
Wild animal reservoir
Species and biotypes
7 species
Urease activity and H2S production
CO2 requirement
Capnophilic
Multiply in host
Sensitivity to dyes (basic fuchsin & thionin)
Phage typing
Only for outbreak investigation
Presence of antigens
A and M: B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis
R: B. ovis, B. canis
Small gram -ve coccobacilli
Ovoid shape
Non-motile
Non-sporing
Catalase +
Oxidase + (variable)
Aerobic
Fastidious (difficult to grow)
Blood / serum - yes
BLA - no
Selective media - yes
Diseases caused
B. abortus
Cattle
Placentitis
Abortion
Mastitis
Orchitis
Still causes mastitis and abortion when endemic
Sheep, goats, pigs
Abortion
Horses
Suppurative bursitis (poll evil, fistulous withers)
Lesions in tendons and joints (arthritic disease)
Humans
Undulant fever
B. melitensis
Goats, sheep
Abortion
Mastitis
Orchitis
Cattle
Abortion
Humans
Undulant fever
Tends to be found abroad
'Malta fever'
B. suis
Pigs
Abortion
Orchitis
Infertility
Arthritis
Spondylitis
Horses
Suppurative bursitis (poll evil, fistulous withers)
Humans
Undulant fever
B. ovis
Sheep
Placentitis
Abortion
Orchitis
Infertility
Epididymitis
B. canis
Dogs, foxes
Abortion
Epididymitis
Osteomyelitis
Spondylitis
Permanent infertility in males
Humans
Undulant fever
B. neotomae
Non-pathogenic
Found only in the desert wood rat of Utah
B. maris
Marine animals
Proposed new species
As a group of organisms, they tend to cause abortion
Major concerns
Long term udder damage + milk loss
Arthritis / bursitis
Zoonotic
Economic losses
Process of disease
Pathogenesis
Predilection for reproductive tracts (RT)
Erythritol - stimulates growth of B.abortus/melitensis/suis
High levels in male/female RT
Absent from human RT
Not an abortive disease in humans – is instead a joint disease
Survival in PMNs and macrophages
Persistence in macrophages
Swelling, inflammation, haemorrhage
Immune response
IgM and IgG
Cell mediated immune response
Cleared from genital tract
Persist in RES and udder
Recurrent infection
Carrier animals
Abort once
Less severe infection at subsequent pregnancies
Due to adaptive immune response
Excrete in udder + uterine discharge
Calves born to carrier cows
Infected in utero or via milk
Prepubescent = relatively resistant
Reproductive system not developed enough, not enough erythritol for clinical disease
Develop a good immune response
Most clear infection and remain R
≈ 2% retain latent infection
Source of infection for others
Have infected calves themselves
Routes of infection
Mucous membranes: usually ingestion
Via unbroken skin
Venereally
To calf in utero
To calf via milk
Control measures
Vaccination
Strain 19
Used in original eradication scheme
Live attenuated
Rarely shed in milk
Huge doses needed - abortion in cows
Non-tranmissable
Female calves @ 2-5 months
More likely to shed than male calves
Male calves not vaccinated
Adults develop persistent antibodies
Infects humans
Would persist in the body long enough to cause abortion
45/20 (no longer used)
Killed bacterin (rough mutant)
No LPS
Less effective but adults don’t develop persistent antibody levels
RB51 (licensed for use in USA)
Stable rough mutant
No LPS or flagella, but does have proteins – antibodies recognise this and will recognise the proteins on the true bacteria as a result
Good protection v abortion
Ab’s don’t interfere with serological tests
Isolation
Isolate from blood culture on Castaneda’s medium
Simultaneous solid and liquid culture
Prolonged incubation >6 months
Must be differentiated from Salmonella
Brucella is urease positive
Similar antibodies
B. abortus requires elevated CO2
Treatment
Lack of clinical trials
Antibiotics rarely used – will kill instead
Poor perfusion into joints, where bacteria are found
Oxytetracycline and streptomycin has shown efficacy
Work in people
Not yet endemic worldwide, so eradication scheme was effective as we are an island
Testing
ID infected herds
ELISA on bulk milk
Quarterly by APHA
ID infected individuals
Bacterial culture
Direct microscopy
Immunofluorescence
Modified Ziehl-Neelsen
Takes a long time to grow, hence use of this method
PCR
Guinea pig inoculation
Serology
Slide agglutination (card test, plate test)
Serum agglutination test (SAT)
Complement fixation test
ELISA
Eradication scheme
Identify infected herds
Identify infected individuals
Cull infected individuals
Compensation (75% of market value)
Herd restrictions
Retested at 8 months and 12 months
No positives - restrictions lifted
Positives - culled (with dangerous contacts) + herd tested every 2 months until cleared
Regular testing programme
Dairy herds – monthly
Beef cattle - every 2 years
Imported cattle
Abortions
NOTIFIABLE
Common in other parts of the world
Could be imported
Media attachments
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05364f33-5cde-4894-b62c-44bceded99af (image/png)
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