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Mind Map by Deleted user, updated more than 1 year ago
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Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
- Gene regulation
- Cause
- Variations in env
- light, temp, food source
- light, temp, food source
- transcription and translation are energy expensive
- Products of most genes only needed
in certain cells at certain times
- Variations in env
- What
- regulation of synthesis of gene's transcript and protein product
- adjust transcription of RNA, OR, or translation of mRNA into protein
- stability of mRNA and posttranslational modifications of proteins
- adjust transcription of RNA, OR, or translation of mRNA into protein
- regulation of synthesis of gene's transcript and protein product
- how
- binding of regulatory proteins
- regulates rate of transcription
- to DNA sites adjacent to protein-coding region
- regulates rate of transcription
- binding of regulatory proteins
- Genetic switches
- specific DNA sequences bound by
specific regulatory proteins under
specific conditions
- Activator
- Binds to activator
binding site (ABS)
upstream of promoter
- helps RNA
polymerase bind to
promoter
- Must be present for transcription
- Binds to activator
binding site (ABS)
upstream of promoter
- Repressor
- Binds to operator
downstream of
promoter
- Acts like a road block
to prevent
transcription
- Must be absent for transcription
- Binds to operator
downstream of
promoter
- 2 sites on a protein
- Allosteric Effector binding site
- Turn on
- Allosteric effector binds
- protein changes shape at DNA binding region
- Can bind to DNA
- Can bind to DNA
- protein changes shape at DNA binding region
- Allosteric effector absent
- Cannot bind to DNA
- Cannot bind to DNA
- Allosteric effector binds
- Turn off
- Allosteric Effecto binds
- protein changes shape at DNA binding region
- Cannot bind to DNA
- Cannot bind to DNA
- protein changes shape at DNA binding region
- Allosteric Effector absent
- Can bind to DNA
- Can bind to DNA
- Allosteric Effecto binds
- Turn on
- DNA binding region
- Allosteric Effector binding site
- specific DNA sequences bound by
specific regulatory proteins under
specific conditions
- Cause
- E. coli
- Normal food source is glucose
- Can use lactose as food source
when lac operon is activated
- lac operon
- Operon
- segment of DNA that encodes a
multigenic mRNA with a common
promoter and regulatory region
- segment of DNA that encodes a
multigenic mRNA with a common
promoter and regulatory region
- CAP binding site
on Promoter
- Promoter (P)
- ON/OFF
- Off
- P- mutation
- RNA polymerase cannot bind
- No transcription
- No transcription
- mutation in -35 or -10 regions
- RNA polymerase cannot bind
- P- mutation
- On
- P+
- RNA polymerase can bind
- Transcription
- Transcription
- RNA polymerase can bind
- P+
- Off
- Operator
- ON/OFF
- OFF
- lacI transcribes repressor (I+)
- Repressor I binds to operator
- No transcription
- No transcription
- trans-acting
- Repressor I binds to operator
- mutation lacI transcribes
repressor (IS)
- Repressor binds to operator
- Cannot be removed by lactose
- No transcription
- No transcription
- Cannot be removed by lactose
- trans-acting
- Mutation in ABS
- Repressor binds to operator
- lacI transcribes repressor (I+)
- ON
- Mutation Oc
- Repressor can never bind
- Transcription
- Transcription
- Cis-acting
- Repressor can never bind
- lacI transcribes repressor
- Repressor I binds to operator
- Lactose binds to I
- repressor DNA binding
sites changes, cannot
bind to Operator
- Transcription
- Transcription
- repressor DNA binding
sites changes, cannot
bind to Operator
- Lactose binds to I
- Repressor I binds to operator
- lacI mutation (I-)
- Repressor protein is nonfunctional
- Transcription
- Transcription
- trans-acting
- Mutation in DNA binding site
- Repressor protein is nonfunctional
- Mutation Oc
- OFF
- lacZ
- lacY
- lacA
- Function unknown
- Function unknown
- ON/OFF
- OFF
- Mutation Y-
- lacY not transcribed
- Permease not produced
- Lactose cannot enter cell
- Inhibitor never blocked
- Inhibitor never blocked
- Lactose cannot enter cell
- Permease not produced
- Cis-acting
- lacY not transcribed
- Mutation Y-
- ON
- Y+
- lacY transcribed
- Permease produced
- Lactose can enter cell
- Inhibitor can be blocked
- Inhibitor can be blocked
- Lactose can enter cell
- Permease produced
- Cis-acting
- lacY transcribed
- Y+
- OFF
- lacA
- ON/OFF
- OFF
- Mutation Z-
- lacZ not transcribed
- B-galactosidase not produced
- Lactose not broken down
- Lactose not broken down
- B-galactosidase not produced
- Cis-acting
- lacZ not transcribed
- Mutation Z-
- ON
- Z+
- lacZ transcribed
- B-galactosidase made
- breaks down
lactose into
glucose and
malactose
- breaks down
lactose into
glucose and
malactose
- B-galactosidase made
- Cis-acting
- lacZ transcribed
- Z+
- OFF
- lacY
- ON/OFF
- Cis-acting
- ON/OFF
- Volume controls
- Low expression
- High glucose
- little cAMP
- cAMP doesn't bind to CAP
- CAP doesn't bind to
promoter
- Low lac operon experssion
- Low lac operon experssion
- CAP doesn't bind to
promoter
- cAMP doesn't bind to CAP
- little cAMP
- High glucose
- High expression
- Low glucose
- High cAMP
- cAMP binds to CAP AE site
- CAP binds to Promoter
- Helps RNA poly bind to promoter
- Helps RNA poly bind to promoter
- CAP binds to Promoter
- cAMP binds to CAP AE site
- High cAMP
- Low glucose
- Low expression
- Mutation in CAP
- CAP-
- Mutation
in DNA
binding
site
- Can't
bind to
Promoter
- Can't
bind to
Promoter
- Mutation
in DNA
binding
site
- CAP*
- Mutation in AE site
- Can't bind to cAMP
- Can't bind to cAMP
- Mutation in AE site
- CAP-
- Mutation in CAP
- Low expression
- trans-acting
- Promoter (P)
- Important genes not part of operon
- lacI transcribes repressor Inhibitor
- CAP transcribes CAP
- lacI transcribes repressor Inhibitor
- Experiments
- Jacob and Monod
- ASSAY
- test to see if/when lac
operon is transcribed
- Easy way to turn on/off lac operon
- Isopropyl-B-D-thiogalactosidase (IPTG)
- artificial lactose
- enters through permease
- binds to repressor
- NOT broken down by B-galactosidase!
- NOT broken down by B-galactosidase!
- binds to repressor
- enters through permease
- artificial lactose
- Trigger starts gene expression (Induction)
- Trigger cannot change concentration
- Trigger cannot change concentration
- Isopropyl-B-D-thiogalactosidase (IPTG)
- Easy way to tell if lac operon was expressed under conditions of assay
- ONPG
- artificial lactose
- enters through permease
- can be broken down by B-galactosidase
- produces yellow product
- produces yellow product
- artificial lactose
- Detect formation of
product of
B-galactosidase
breaking down lactose
- ONPG
- strains of E. coli that have two copies of operon
- create "diploid" bacteria
- F' factors carry lac
region to produce
merozygotes
- F' factors carry lac
region to produce
merozygotes
- Determine dominance, survival, complimentation
- create "diploid" bacteria
- Easy way to turn on/off lac operon
- test to see if/when lac
operon is transcribed
- ASSAY
- Jacob and Monod
- Operon
- lac operon
- Normal food source is glucose
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