BMAT Chemistry

1. ionic and covalent

1. flame test on positive metal ions
   1. Lithium- crimson
   2. Sodium yellow
   3. Potassium lilac
   4. Calcium- red
   5. Barium Green
   6. Common Gas test
      1. cl- bleach litmus paper
      2. oxygen relights glowing splint
      3. Hydrogen- squeaky pop
   7. Negative Ions
      1. Acid + carbonate= carbon dioxide
      2. Halide- silver nitrate test
      3. add dilute HCL followed by barium chloride= white precipitate

1. Reactivity series- if it is less reactive than carbon it can be extracted using it

Annotations:

• reactive metal add dissolved metal compound- reactive metal will replace the less reactive metal

1. scrap iron can displace copper from a solution

1. reactive c=c
   1. Electrophilic Addition
2. Bromine water test
3. Addition polymers
   1. HDPE- low temp, low pressure + catalyst
   2. LDPE- high temp and pressure

1. solvents
2. fuels

1. React with carbonates

1. Reactivity increases down the group
2. Reaction with cold water produces hydrogen and a hydroxide
3. Form ionic compounds with non metals

1. Down the group- less reactive bc it's harder to gain an electron
   1. high mp/bp
   2. React with alkali metals to form salts
   3. Displacment
   4. chlorine + sodium hydroxide > bleach + sodium chloride +water

1. good catalysts

1. Neutralisation producing a salt and water
2. acids produce protons
3. Strong= ionise completely- weak acids= do not fully ionise

   Annotations:

   • strong acid better electrical conductor
4. Acids + metal= salt + Hydrogen
5. Hydrochloric acid produces chloride salts/ sulfuric acids produce sulfate salts
6. Metal oxides and Metal Hydroxides are Bases
   1. acid + metal carbonate > salt + carbon dioxide + water
   2. salts of carbonates and hydroxides are insoluble

1. Exothermic vs Endothermic
   1. reversible reactions
2. Break bonds requires energy, make bonds releases energy
3. calorimiter
   1. Q= MC delta T
4. Equilibrium
   1. Temp/pressure/conc
   2. Haber process- comprimise

      Annotations:

      • iron catalyst

1. collision theory- increased collisions= increased rate of reaction

1. more reactive ions displace hydrogen and stay in the solution longer
   1. electroplating- use electrolysis to coat the surface of a metal with another metal

1. produces scum with soap and scale when heated
   1. healthy teeth and bones and less heart disease
      1. temporary hardness is removed by boiling
      2. both removed by adding sodium carbonate and ion exchange columns