2799246
Description
Mind Map by Toni Mcintyre, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Toni Mcintyre
about 9 years ago
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Medicine Through Time
(Surgery and Anatomy) 2
- Medieval
- Armies took
trained doctors to
war this is where
there surgery
improved
- Arab doctors investigated galen and challenged his
theories, Al-Nafis said that the blood moves from heart
to lungs and around body not through invisable holes. no
body nuilt up on his work and the dicovery wasnt made
till 1600
- Human dissection
was aloud and
schools sprang up.
- Great demand for surgery in
warfare
- Wine was first
used as antiseptic,
surgical
treatments were
still simple as
major surgery was
risky. Many
surgeries were left
low regard and
some wern't even
taught
- Armies took
trained doctors to
war this is where
there surgery
improved
- Renaissance
- Andreas Vesalius studied the anatomy and became a
professor of surgery and anatomy. He was allowed to do
dissections he wrote many books with illustrations of
his work. he pointed out many of Galen's mistakes. He
said no holes in heart and the jaw bone is not made of 2
bones. encouraged doctors to dissect
- Ambroise Pare developed ligatures to
seal wounds, he was a battlefield
surgeon , in battle he ran ou of boiling oil
so he used an old roman method. He
wrote notes and became the King's
surgeon.
- William Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood,
disproved Galen's theory and identifies difference
between arteries and veins. He becomes the kings
doctor this makes his ideas heard. To spread his ideas
he wrote a book. however bleeding still continues after
harvey as people don't know what to do.
- Many
artists
drew parts
of the
body for
doctors
and new
books
were
produced
- Andreas Vesalius studied the anatomy and became a
professor of surgery and anatomy. He was allowed to do
dissections he wrote many books with illustrations of
his work. he pointed out many of Galen's mistakes. He
said no holes in heart and the jaw bone is not made of 2
bones. encouraged doctors to dissect
- 1750-1900
- New understandings of the body and proving
that some things Galen said were imcomple and
wrong.
- 3 main problems that faced
surgeons were pain as
patients could die with
shock, infection didn't know
about microbes causing
infection and Bleeding
because patients could die
with losing to much blood in
surgery.
- Pain was overcome by first Nitrous Oxide (laughing
gas) This was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy this
wasn't used much as wasnt in a good book, Ether used
by J.R Lister during a leg amputation but has harmful
side affects. Chloroform usd by James simpson but had
unexplained deaths. Final breakthrough for
anaesthetics was when queen victoria had chloroform
used to give birth to her fourth child.
- Opposition to anaesthetics were
uncomfortble for patients,
doctors belied pain was good for
healing, people didn't know how
they worked and the side effects
were unknown.
- Germ theory
Louis Pasteur
- Infection was overcome
Joseph Lister and discovery of
antiseptics, carbolic spary was
used on sewage, infection spelt
like sewage, he read germ
theory, he was prepared to
take risks. Opposition to this
was it slowed down surgery,
uncomfortable for doctors as it
affected skin, germ theory
wasnt widely accepted and
surgeons didn't follow
instructions so bad results. The
final development was in 1980s
when it lead to antiseptic
surgery this is the removal of
all possible germs in theatres.
Everything was cleaned,
instruments were cleaned and
surgeons wore gloves.
- When Harvey discovered the
circulation of blood, many blood
transfusions were attempted
but ended badly because blood
groups were not known, They
couldnt stop blood clotting and
infections could be passed on. So
bleeding was not overcome until
the discovery of blood groups
1901 by Karl Landsteiner.
- New understandings of the body and proving
that some things Galen said were imcomple and
wrong.
- 20th Century
- The first world war improved surgery
as surgeons has more opportunity to
experiment with plastic surgery.
- The development of x-rays 20
years before the war were not
confirmed until there importance
in the war as by using the machine
surgeons could identify where
bullets and shrapnel were without
this fatal infections could of
occurred.
- Blood transfusions were
used a lot in the war as
many soldiers needed
blood and by knowing the
blood groups many lives
were saved.
- Second world war improved
surgery and more blood
transfusions.
- Plastic surgery was used in the war for burns,
shell damage and bullet wounds. Archibald
McIndoe did many surgeries during world war 2
and even helped patients mentally deal with
there new appearance.
- Transplant surgery was first attempted in 1967 by
Christiaan Barnard but the patient died in 18 days
many lessons were learnt and eventully after
learning what drugs stop the body rejecting organs
more complex transplants have taken place.
- The first world war improved surgery
as surgeons has more opportunity to
experiment with plastic surgery.
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