Aqueous Solutions

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• A solvent is a substance that dissolves other substances called solutes. A solute is a substance which is dissolved in a solvent. The end result of this process of dissolving a solute in a solvent is called a solution. A saturated solution is a saturated solution of a solute, x, is one which is in equilibrium with undissolved x. Solubility product is when increasing quantities of a sparingly soluble ionic solid are added to water, a saturated solution is eventually formed. 

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• For the equations see page 193 in orange chemistry book

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• If the ionic product of a compound exceeds its solubility product then a precipitate will form. For more info see page 198 in orange chemistry book.

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• An acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor. When a substance can become both proton donor or an acceptor it is called amphiprotic. Strong acids and bases are completely ionised in aqueous solutions. Weak acids and bases are only slightly ionised in aqueous solutions.

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• See page 214 in orange chemistry book

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• See page 219 in orange chemistry book

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• See page 221 in orange chemistry book

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• Buffers are solutions in which an equilibrium reaction maintains the pH at a nearly constant level, by counteracting the effects of any added acid or base. A buffer is usually a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base.

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• A titration curve is simply a graph which 'tracks' the change in pH as a titration progresses.