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20510822
Health and the People part 3: Industrial period
Description
Mind map on medicine in the industrial period for AQA History GCSE Health and the People. Colour coded to help with 16-markers. Enjoy!
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history
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aqa
health and the people
industrial period
medicine through time
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Mind Map by
Frank Shrimpton
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Frank Shrimpton
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Resource summary
Health and the People part 3: Industrial period
The Germ Theory
Discovery
Robert Koch (1843 - 1910)
Discovered specific bacteria cause specific diseases
Managed to stain and photograph them
Discovered TB and Cholera microbes
Identified 21 germs by 1900
Methods
Looked at blood of infected animals
Took some bacteria
Moved it into another animal
Other animal died
Bacteria same
Founded the new field of biological science and microbiology
German government set up Institute of infectious diseases
Funded his research
Egged on by conflict with France
Didn't want Pasteur to be first
Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)
Studied microbes
Actually invented germ theory (1860 - 64)
Disproved 'Spontaneous Generation'
Developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax and rabies
News of his discoveries spread quickly via telegram
Funded by French Government
Egged on by conflict with Germany
Didn't want Koch to be first
Effect on medical progress
Immediate
New vaccines discovered
Chicken cholera
Anthrax
Rabies
Lives saved
New medicines invented
Ehrlich (Koch's assistant)
Found cure for Syphilis
Only killed syphilis microbes
'Magic bullet'
Could there be more?
Salvarsan 606
Some diseases still incurable
Many drugs too expensive for most
Infant mortality remained high
Still couldn't explain
Long-term
Focused research in the right place
All modern disease treatments rely on this
Largest single imporvement to medical progress in the long term
Technological improvements
Stethoscope invented 1816
Widely used 1850
Powerful microscopes invented 1895
X-ray machines - 1895
Allowed for new discoveries and methods to be found
Treatment of disease
How?
Pharmaceutical remedies
Laudanum (alcohol and opium)
Aspirin
Alcohol
Arsenic
TOXIC!
Mercury
TOXIC!
Cocaine
Many ineffective
No regulations - anyone could put anything in them
Later on, these became based more on Germ Theory, and treatments such as Salvarsan 606 were more effective
Who?
Women
In the Industrial period there was still a lot of prejudice gainst women trying to join the medical profession
However, here are 4 notable women who managed it
Florence Nightingale
Cleaned wounds during Crimean War
Helped cut death rates from 40% to 2%
Wrote a book on it
Set up a nurse training school
Made nursing an honorable profession
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Made her own hospital
Trained as a nurse
Inspired by womens' rights activists
Problems faced
Father against her
Not allowed into medical school
Male students forced her out of hospital
Not allowed a post in any hospital
Everyone hated her
How did she overcome them?
Persuaded father to change his mind
Got private tuition
Proved ability
Found a loophole to get her credentials
Started her own hospital
Went to France for her degree
Sophia Jex-Blake
Studied in US
Met female physician there - inspired her
Problems faced
Parents didn't want her educated like that
Struggled to get into university as a woman
Men protested about her - angry mob of 200
She got sued while teaching
How did she overcome them?
Wrote an essay about women being just as intellectually able as men
Encouraged other women to join her
Mary Seacole
Also worked in Crimean War
Ran an informal clinic
From Caribbean
Surgery
Beginning of Industrial period
1/2 of all amputees died of infection
No way of stopping infections
Blood loss still a huge problem
Pain badly-controlled
Previously used laughing gas or alcohol
Ineffective
More recently ether used
More effective than other methods
Not ideal
Many died of shock
Carbolic acid - 1871
Discovered by Lister
Based on Germ theory
Used to clean equipment and surfaces
Surgery started to become aseptic
Killed germs
Could clean ligatures
These can now be used - very effective
Blood loss problem solved
Significance
Surgery became safer
Started a movement leading to the totally aseptic environment of today's operating theatres
Opposition
Some didn't believe in Germ Theory
Many opposed to change
How was it overcome
The results said it all
Infection rates dropped
Took a long time
Chloroform - first used 1847
Discovered by James Simpson
Properties discovered by luck
Have people unconscious or semi-conscious during surgery
Useful for childbirth
Useful for difficult durgeries
Pros
Effective
Dose controllable via inhaler
Allows for more complex procedures
Don't die of shock
Less rush - fewer mistakes made
Cons
Doctors tempted to experiment with new methods
Some of which turned out to be fatal
At first death rates increased
Some good
Side effects may include death
Pain is a punishment from God - you must feel it
Why was it adopted?
Queen Victoria used it during childbirth
It worked well
Public Health
Conditions in Industrial Britain
Cramped workers' housing
Air and noise pollution from factories
Water still from polluted rivers
Fast urbanisation
Lots of poor people
Cholera epidemics
There were loads of these
1831-32
1848
1854
1866
Everyone used the same water pumps
Trade brought it in from elsewhere
John Snow
This dude mapped out cases of cholera during the outbreak of 1854
He found they were all around the same water pump
He got the pump's handle removed - 1854
Realised it travelled through water
Thought it was miasma, but in water
Significance
Started the statistical analysis of epidemics
May have saved some lives with the handle removal
Outbreak was already nearly over though
The poor and Government intervention
Government had a Laissez-faire attitude
'Let it be'
Don't get involved
People didn't want them meddling
People didn't look at the conditions of the poor
Thought they were lazy drunkards
If they want better conditions they need to work
Then some guys came along and said hey look we should do something about the poor
Edwin Chadwick
Secretary to the 'poor law' commissioners
Made a report on the conditions of the poor
1842
Showed how bad the situation was in towns
Blamed high death rates on these factors
Dirty air
Slum housing
Polluted water
Bad food
Bad sewage systems
Pressured the government into doing something
Public Health Acts
1848
Local authorities could set up boards of health
Optional
Barely any did
Could raise money from taxes
Could manage sewers and water supply
Pretty useless honestly
Did kind of show Laissez-faire coming to an end
People like Chadwick pressured the government into this
1875
Local officers HAD TO appoint medical officers
Maintain sewers
Covered underground
Supply fresh water
Collect rubbish
Provide street lighting
Great Stink caused it
Actually useful
Laissez-faire is pretty much gone
The Great Stink - 1858
Causes
Hot weather
Untreated human waste in Thames
Effects
Even the rich were badly affected
Government had to move elsewhere
Encouraged the government to build sewer system in London
£3 million borrowed
Equivalent to £1bn today
Some still in use today
Designed by Bazalgette
Finished by 1866
No more cholera outbreaks
Encouraged 1875 Public Health Act
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