Ecosystems

Ecosystems

Organism require certain elements to build their bodies and metabolic process
1. Phosphorus
  1. -Plants: take up phosphates dissolved in soil water. -Aquatic producers: in water -Animals: by eating producers or any other animal
  2. -Component of ATP -Phospholipids -Nucleic acids
Ecosystem: Array of organisms and abiotic things, interacting through a one flow energy and cycling of nutrients
1. Primary producers (autotrophos) Energy from nonliving things
  1. Consumers (heterotrophos) By feeding on tissues wastes and remains of producers.
    1. Consumers: -Herbivores: plants -Carnivores: meet. - Parasites: living host -Omnivores:plants and animals -Destritivores: small particles of organic material -Descomposers: organic wastes(bacteria and fungi)
THE NATURE OF ECOSYSTEMS
1. Trophic Estrucutre of Ecosystems
  1. Trophic levels: hierarchy of feeding relationship position in Food Chain
    1. Food Chain:sequence of steps of energy
      1. 1st level: Primary producers: obtain energy from a nonlivingsource.-sunlight-
        2nd level: Primary consumers: Get energyand carbonby feeding on tissues and wastes
        3rd level: Second consumers: feeding on insects and tissues
        4th level: Third consumers: feeding on other animals
THE NATURE OF FOOD WEBS
1. Food Web: food chains of an ecosystem cross-connect
  1. Two division:
    1. Graning food web
      1. Primary Producers eating by Primary Consumers
    2. Detretial food web
      1. Energy producers hows to detritivores
  2. Number of tranfers are limited.
    1. Energy captured by producers passes through no more than 4 or 5 trophic levels
      1. -Shortest: conditions vary widely -Longer: weathers has no effect -Complex: large variety of herbivores. -Fewer: more carnivores
ENERGY FLOW
1. System's gross primary production: energy captured by producers
2. Net primary production: portion used for growth and reproduction
3. Ecological pyramids: trophic structure
  1. Biomass pyramids: dry weight of all organisms
  2. Energy pyramid: how amount of energy diminishes as it is transferred through an ecosystem
4. Ecological Efficiency
  1. Factors that influence the efficiency of tranfers
    1. E.E is higher in aquatic ecosystems
    2. Some components of a body may be unavailable to a consumer
    3. Some is lost as metabolic heat
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
1. An element essential to life moves between a community and its enviroment through the living component.
2. THE WATER CYCLE
  1. Moves water from the ocean to the atmosphere, onto land, and back to the ocean
    1. -Liquid -Evaporation -Condenses -Precipitation
  2. Watershed: area in whict all precipitation drains into a specific waterway.
    1. Soil water: some water remains between soil particles
    2. Aquifers: water that drains through soil layers often collect
    3. Groundwater: soil water and soil aquifers
    4. Runoff: water that flows over soil into streams
  3. Movement of water
    1. Movement of: -carbon -nitrogen -phosphorus
  4. Limited fresh water
    1. Majority of Earth's water is too salty to drink or irrigales crops
3. THE CARBON CYCLE
  1. Atmospheric cycle: biogeochemical cycle in which a gaseous form of an element plays a significant role
  2. Terrestial Carbon cycle
    1. Land plants take up CO2 to carry out photosynthesis
    2. Soil Carbin consist of humus and organisms
      1. Bacteria and fungi decompose humus and release carbon dioxide
  3. Marine Carbon Cycle
    1. Bicarbonate HCO3
    2. Organisms release CO2 by aerobic respiration
  4. Carbon Fossil Fuels
4. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
  1. Movement of phosphorus among Earth's rocks and waters
  2. Limiting factor on plant growth
  3. It's a component of all nucleic acids and phospholipids
5. NITROGEN CYCLE
  1. Most organisms cannot use this gaseous form
  2. DNA RNA Proteins
  3. Nitrogen fixation: incorporation of nitrogen from nitrogen gas into ammonia
    1. Bacteria break the bonds in N2. Form ammonia, then dissolves to form ammonium NH4
      1. Plants take ammonium from soil water
        Consumer obtain nitrogen by eating them
        Bacteria and fungal descomposer return ammonium to the soil by a ammonification
        Ammonification: breakdown of nitrogen-containing organic material resulting in the release of ammonia and ammonium ions
  4. Nitrification: converts ammonium to nitrates
  5. Denitrification: ecosystems lose nitrogen
  6. Disruption of the Nitrogen Cycle
    1. Burning fossil fuels and use of industrially produced trinitrogen fertilizers have altered the nitrogen cycle
    2. Nitrous Oxide
      1. N2O can remain in the atmosphere for more than 100 years
    3. Nitrate Pollution NO3
      1. Water pollutant
      2. Ingest nitrate has negative effects. -Cancer -Respiratory infections. -Diabetes
GREEN HOUSE GASES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Green house effect: ability to absorb and reradiate heat energy. Helps to keep Earth warm enough
2. Changing Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
  1. CO2 annual level in increasing
  2. Analysis of ices cores has provided a history that extends back 800,00 years
    1. Also fossil foraminiferan shells helped in the research
3. Global climate change
  1. A long-term of Earth's climate. Example global warming
  2. Intergovermental Panel on Climate concluded that is very likelly that a human-induced increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases is responsible for the current warming trend

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	Created by Vanesa Nuñez over 8 years ago