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| Question | Answer |
| How do you write a question for the scientific method? | How does _(IV)_ affect _(DV)_? |
| How do you write a hypothesis? | If _______ then _______ because ____. If this happens, then that happens, because of reason. |
| independent variable | the variable that is changed in the experiment |
| dependent variable | variable that responds to the change made to the independent variable |
| controlled variable | variables that remain constant in the experiment; not be a fair test if two variables are changing at the same time |
| control | the normal or standard to compare other things to |
| constants | the variables that do not change |
| metric system | the decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, or gram as units |
| cell membrane | a layer of tissue that surrounds the cell lets good chemicals in and keeps bad chemicals out |
| cytoplasm | jelly-like substance within the plasma membrane |
| endoplasmic reticulum ER | passageways where proteins and chemicals are made; smooth ER carries the proteins to parts of the cell; rough ER makes the protiens |
| Golgi Body | stack of membranes that package chemicals |
| Nucleus | controls the activity of the cell; and houses the DNA |
| nucleolus | makes ribosomes |
| cell wall | provides protection and support for plant cells and allows water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to move into and out of a cell |
| chloroplasts | makes food for plant cells during photosynthesis |
| vacuoles | stores and transports food, water, and waste in animal cells single large one in the plant cell and stores large amounts of food |
| Mitochondria | breaks down sugar molecules to release energy; where cellular respiration occurs |
| ribosomes | synthesize protiens |
| centrioles | this organelle separates chromosome pairs during mitosis |
| cell theory (1) | Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things |
| cell theory (2) | All living things are made of cells |
| cell theory (3) | All cells come from existing cells |
| microscope parts | 1. body tube 2. rotating nose-piece 3. medium power objective lens 4. low-power objective lens 5. high power objective lens 6. stage clips 7. diaphragm 8. mirror 9. eyepiece 10. arm 11. stage 12. coarse adjustment knob 13. fine adjustment knon 14. base |
| chromosomes | contain genes and DNA |
| sister chromatids | one strand of a chromosome |
| chromatin | the spaghetti like substance that form into chromosomes during mitosis |
| genes | basic unit of heredity |
| traits | a quality or characteristic of an individual |
| Mitosis | cell division |
| prophase | the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear; centrioles begin to move to opposite ends of the cell; spindle fibers form between the poles |
| metaphase | Chromatids attach to the spindle fibers and move to the middle of the cell |
| anaphase | sister chromatids separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell |
| telophase | cell is pinched in the middle chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads) mitosis ends |
| Haploid cell | a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. |
| Diploid cell | a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell located in the nucleus of the cell |
| nucleotide parts | Deoxyribose Phosphate nitrogenous bases |
| allele | different form of a gene |
| Gregor Mendel | discovered that factors/alleles are dominant or recessive; discovered that one allele from mom and dad was randomly chosen |
| Hybrid vs. Purebred | a combo of 2 different alleles a combo of 2 of the same alleles |
| Dominant | a trait that overpowers a recessive trait and will appear in the phenotype of the offspring if 1 parent contributes to it |
| Recessive | a trait that is overpowered in the presence of a dominant allele must pair with a recessive allele in order to be seen |
| Homozygous | an allele combination using 2 of the same alleles |
| Heterozygous | an allele combination with 2 different alleles |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| phenotype | the physical appearance of an organism |
| Punnett Square | a diagram that shows the probability of 2 parents offspring genotype |
| F1 Generation | the first offspring generation |
| Incomplete dominance | a type of dominance where the heterozygous condition produces a brand new phenotype |
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