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| Question | Answer |
| What is malaria caused by? | Malaria is caused by a protozoan called Plasmodium, which feeds on red blood cells. |
| Plasmodium is carried by mosquitoes, which are what? | Plasmodium is carried by mosquitoes, which are vectors (i.e. not affects by the disease). |
| How is Plasmodium transmitted to humans? | Plasmodium is carried by mosquitoes, which are vectors, and transmitted to humans by mosquito bites. |
| Fill in the gaps: Plasmodium is a ........ and humans are its ..... | Plasmodium is a parasite and humans are its host. |
| What is a parasite? | A parasite is an organism that feeds on another living organism, causing it harm. |
| Knowledge of the mosquito's life cycle has helped to stop the spread of malaria. What can be done to help stop the spread of malaria? | The spread of malaria can be stopped by draining stagnant water, putting oil on the water surface and spraying insecticide. |
| How can draining stagnant water help to stop the spread of malaria? | Draining stagnant water kills the larvae of mosquitoes. |
| How does putting oil on the water surface help to stop the spread of malaria? | Putting oil on the surface of water prevents the larvae of the mosquitoes from breathing. |
| How does spraying insecticide help to stop the spread of malaria? | Spraying insecticide kills the adult mosquito. |
| Name one other way to control the spread of malaria. | Take medication to kill the Plasmodium inside the body. |
| Name two changes in lifestyle and diet that can reduce the risk of some cancers. | - Not smoking can reduce the risk of lung cancer - Using sunscreen reduces the risk of skin cancer |
| Fill in the gaps: Benign tumour cells, such as warts, divide ...... and are ......... | Benign tumour cells, such as warts, divide slowly and are harmless. |
| What are cancers? | Cancers are malignant tumours. |
| What do cancers display? | Cancers are malignant tumours: the cells display uncontrolled growth and may spread. |
| What are pathogens? | Pathogens are disease-causing organisms. |
| How do pathogens produce the symptoms of an infectious disease. | Pathogens produce the symptoms of an infectious disease by damaging the body's cells or producing poisonous waste products called toxins. |
| What are toxins? | Toxins are poisonous waste products that are produced by pathogens and can produce symptoms of an infectious disease. |
| How does the body protect itself? | The body protects itself by producing antibodies, which lock onto antigens on the surface of pathogens such as bacterium. This kills the pathogen. |
| What do human white blood cells produce that results in active immunity? | Human white blood cells produce antibodies, resulting in active immunity. |
| What is active immunity? | Active immunity is when you have immunity if your immune system recognises a pathogen and fights it. |
| Fill in the gaps: Active immunity can be a .... process but has a ....-....... effect. | Active immunity can be a slow process but has a long-lasting effect. |
| What do vaccinations use and what do they result in? | Vaccinations using antibodies from another human or animal result in passive immunity. |
| Fill in the gaps: Passive immunity has a ..... but .....-.... effect. | Passive immunity has a quick but short-term effect. |
| Finish the sentence: Each pathogen has its own antigens, so............. | Each pathogen has its own antigens, so a specific antibody is needed for each pathogen. |
| The process of immunisation is also called vaccination. What happens in vaccination? | - It starts with injecting a harmless pathogen carrying antigens - The antigens trigger a response by white blood cells, producing the correct antibodies. - Memory cells (a type of T-lymphocyte cell) remain in the body, providing long-lasting immunity to that disease. |
| Immunisation carries a small risk to the individual, but what does it avoid and decrease? | Immunisation carries a small risk to the individual, but it avoids the potentially lethal effect of the pathogen, as well as decreasing the risk of spreading the disease. |
| What are antibiotics? | Antibiotics are therapeutic drugs acting to kill bacteria which is taken into the body. |
| What are antiviral drugs? | Antiviral drugs are therapeutic drugs acting to kill viruses. |
| Antibiotics and antiviral drugs are what? | Antibiotics and antiviral drugs are specific to their action. |
| What does an antibiotic do? | An antibiotic destroys a pathogen. |
| What does an antiviral drug do? | An antiviral drug slows down the pathogen's development. |
| New treatments, such as vaccinations, are tested using what three things before human trials? | New treatments are tested using animals, human tissue and computer models before human trials. |
| Some people object to what? | Some people object to causing suffering in animals in such tests. |
| What is a placebo? | A placebo is a harmless pill. |
| What are placebos used as? | Placebos are used as a comparison in drug testing so the new effect of a drug can be assessed. |
| What happens in a blind trial? | In a blind trial, the patient does not know whether they are receiving a new drug or a placebo. |
| What happens in a double blind trial? | In a double blind trial, neither the patient nor the doctor know which treatment is being used? |
| Which two things do these types of trials avoid? | These types of trials avoid a 'feel-good factor' and a biased opinion. |
| What has resulted in resistant forms of bacteria being more common than non-resistant forms? | Excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in resistant forms of bacteria being more common than non-resistant forms. |
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