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Description
Flashcards by Ashleigh Gildroy, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ashleigh Gildroy
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Psychology | Relationships |
| Why do evolutionary psychologists believe people behave they way they do? | In order to survive |
| What is the Evolutionary Theory of Sexual Selection? | The idea that the way we choose mates can be associated with our instinct to pass on our genes (reproduction), so our genetic code will never die out. |
| Outline some characteristics in which women look for in a male, according to the Evolutionary approach? | Women look for a male who... *Has high status and wealth *Older *Ready to commit *Good fathers |
| Outline some characteristics in which men look for in a male, according to the Evolutionary approach? | *Facial Symmetry *Fertile age (Impregnate as many women as possible for their genetic code to live on) |
| Desribe the method of supporting evidence for the Evolutionary Theory | Clark and Hartfield carried out a study on a campus where a sample of male and female students approached strangers of the opposite sex and gave one of 3 requests. 1) Go out with them that night 2) Go back to their house 3) Have sex with them |
| What were the results of Clark and Hartfield's study? | They found... *50% of both genders agreed to go out with them that night *No women agreed to have sex *75% of men agreed to sex *Only 69% of men agreed to go back to the individuals house Shows how both genders behaviour differ in their sexual behaviour |
| Provide a criticism of the Evolutionary Approach | The theory neglects other types of relationships and sexuality's such as homosexual relationships, in which doesn't offer explanation to why they date someone of the same sex. Therefore, the approach is simplistic as there are obviously more to relationships than genetic reproduction. |
| Provide a further criticism of the Evolutionary Approach | The study is socially sensitive as it emphasises the stereotypical gender roles, in which is sexist and disapproved by feminists. |
| Section 2 | What affects attraction? |
| Outline factors that attract us to the opposite sex? | *Self-disclosure *Physical Attractiveness |
| What is Self-Disclosure? | The more personal information that we reveal about ourselves, the more that someone will like us. (We like people who reveal information about themselves, as it suggests trust) |
| What is the halo effect? | Individuals who are seen as more attractive are seen as having more favourable personality traits, such as being more trustworthy and sociable. |
| What is the matching hypothesis? | Walster et al suggested the idea that those who are looking for a relationship, seek partners who are a similar level of attractiveness to us as it reduces the chance of rejection and make us feel more secure in our relationships. (AO1) |
| Provide a strength of Walster's Matching Hypothesis.. | Walster and Walster told participants that they had been selected a partner for an upcoming dance when in fact they had been selected at random. They found that the pairs with a similar level of attractiveness expressed greater liking for their partner than those who were opposite levels. |
| What is the Filter Theory | Kerchoff and Davies believe that choice of partners is affected by factors limiting the people we are able to choose from. |
| What are the three filters of the filter theory? | 1) How similar are demographically (Same age, race, class, status etc) 2)How similar are we in attitudes (Shares our beliefs will be seen as compatible) 3) Complimentary (Meet our social, physical and emotional needs) |
| Provide a strength of the filter theory | Taylor et al found that 85% of Americans who married in 1998 married someone of the same ethnic group to them |
| Explain an error in Taylor et al's study to support the filter theory | His study was 20 years ago. Society is changing and is gradually becoming more accepting to other ethnicities, therefore his results are out dated. |
| Section 3 | Theories of romantic relationships |
| What is the Social Exchange Theory? | We view our relationships a being somewhat like a business. We look how profitable and how costly they will be. We perform a cost benefit analysis and compare our relationships to past ones and ones on offer. If either is more profitable we will end out current relationship |
| Criticise the Social Exchange Theory | The theory suffers from cultural bias as it only applies to couples in western societies. As it isolates other cultures, in which form relationships in different structures, such as arranged marriages, we cannot generalise this to the wider public out of western cultures (AO3 2 marks) |
| Give supporting evidence for the Social Exchange Theory | Rusbultz and Martz found women who had been victims of domestic violence often stayed with their dominant partners of they offered accommodation, in which was profitable for them as they often had nowhere else to go if they left their partners. This supports the theory as this shows that we weigh our costs and benefits before making impacting decisions on our relationship |
| What is the equity theory | Rather than individuals focusing on profit. They tend to look at aspects of the relationship such as equity and fairness. Relationships are maintained if they're fair and neither person feels dissatisfied. |
| What four principles is part of the Equity Theory? | 1) Profit (Rewards) 2) Distribution (Negotiations so both partners are happy) 3) Dissatisfaction (Feeling the relationship is unbalanced) 4) Realignment (Possibility to restore equity, then relationship will proceed) |
| Can you give an example of distribution between partners | My Example: Taking turns to choose what film to watch |
| Provide supporting evidence for the equity theory... | Dainton found that in a study of 219 individuals in relationships that those perceived their relationship to be unfair weren't satisfied with their relationship (Dissatisfied). However, were keen to use strategies to restore balance (realignment). Furthermore, this justifies that there is evidence of realignment as they were keen to restore their relationship, |
| Give a weakness that both the social exchange and equity theory have in common | They're both selfish |
| Provide a further criticism of the equity theory | Researchers have found that equity is prioritised more by females than males. Therefore, the theory is over-weighed with beta bias as the theory cannot be applied on the same of level of importance by both genders |
| (Need to include...) | *Rusbult's investment theory .... evaluations |
| Section 3 | Why do relationship break down? |
| What did Duck suggest about relationships breaking down | Duck suggested that relationships break down because of at least one of 3 reasons.. 1) Pre-existing doom (You were not compatible to begin with) 2) Mechanical Failure (Two compatible people grow apart) 3) Sudden Death (Traumatic event) |
| Which reason caused Ross and Rachel to break up? | Sudden Death (Arguably) because Ross slept with another woman! |
| Read example and state which reason the couple grew a part: Josh was a football player and very vocal. He dated Claire who was obsessed with anime and was socially awkward. They both realised they had minimal common interests so broke up | Pre-Existing Doom |
| What does Duck's phase model focus on? | How relationship break down rather than why |
| List the four stages (In order!) | !) Intrapsychic 2) Dyadic 3) Social 4) Grave Dressing |
| D | This is where one partner is dissatisfied with the relationship. So they then focus on their partners behaviour and what could happen if they broke up |
| Define Dyadic | They discuss their feelings with their partner and attempts are made to repair the flaws within their relationship |
| Define Social | If the relationship cannot be mended then the news is made public. Aspects of the relationship such as Children and money is negotiated and those closest to the couple become involved |
| Define Grave Dressing | This happens after the relationship has ended. The couple develop their own view as to why the couple broke down in order to prevent embarrassment and maintain respect |
| Evaluate Duck's model (Strength) | The theory has been commended for not just focusing on the couple but those that surround them. It is often the case that friends or family will become involved in the scenario. |
| Criticise Duck's Breakdown Model | The theory is only applied in certain cultures .Often, scenarios like arranged marriages or religion can prevent the breakdown of a relationship as it against their religion or norms to divorce/depart. Furthermore, the reliability of Duck's theory is reduced due to cultural bias. |
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