6079504
Description
Flashcards by Cara Bertone, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Cara Bertone
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Name the species of climbing vine responsible for fine wine production? | Vitis Vinifera |
| When was vitis vinifera first domesticated? | Nearly 5,000 years before Common Era |
| At what temperature does the vine emerge from dormancy and begin to "weep" or "bleed"? | 50 degrees F Northern Hemisphere typically February |
| When does budbreak typically occur in the northern and southern hemispheres? | Northern- March/April Southern- September/October |
| When is the vine most susceptible to frost? | Budbreak |
| When does flowering occur? How long does it last? | 6-13 weeks after initial budbreak, depending on the climate. It lasts about 10 days. |
| How does a grapevine pollinate? | Self-pollinating |
| What percentage of fruit set typically occurs during fertilization? | 30% |
| What is shatter? | Remaining embryo berries that were not fertilized, that fall from the cluster |
| What is veraison and when does it begin? | Veraison is when grapes truly begin to ripen and change color. This typically occurs in August/January. |
| When does cane ripening occur? | In tandem with veraison- August/January |
| What is vendange? | Harvest |
| What is meant by "hang time"? | A concept perfected by new world winemakers looking for complete physiological ripeness. Consisting- ripe tannins and other phenolics, the condition of the berry and it's pulp, as well as seed lignification |
| What average summer temperature is required to successfully ripen red grapes and white grapes? | Red Grapes= 70 degrees F White Grapes= 66 degrees F |
| Describe the California Heat Summation Index | This scale divides climates into five Regions based on the number of degree days. Degree days are calculated by multiplying the days in each month of the growing season (defined as April 1 through October 31) by the mean number of degrees over 50°F for that month. The months’ totals are then added together to arrive at the heat summation: |
| What are the ranges of degree days for the following regions according to the California Heat Summation Index? Ia. Ib. II III IV V | Regions: Ia. 1,500-2,000 degrees F 1b. 2,000-2,500 degrees F II. 2,500-3,000 degrees F III. 3,000-3,500 degrees F IV. 3,500-4,000 degrees F V. 4,000-4,900 degrees F |
| Define: Photosynthesis | Plants use sunshine to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds including sugars which is a necessary provider of both light and heat |
| What is the minimum number of sunlight hours needed for support viticulture? | 1300 hours |
| Which climates typically enjoy more sunlight hours? | Cooler climates further away from the equator |
| How much rainfall is required to provide an adequate crop? | 20-30 inches annually depending on the warmth of the climate, however the vine evolved as a drought resistant plant. |
| List the pros and cons of wind | Pros= detriment to mold and mildew, wind machines help battle frost Cons= when persistently violent wind can undermine flowering and denude the vines; especially harsh in colder climates |
| What is terroir? | in a holistic sense, defines the complete system of the living vine. The concept of terroir comprises the choice of grapevine as it relates to its location, topography, soil, climate, and the hand of man upon it. Terroir is not only the soil; terroir is the entire system of factors that influence the development of the vine—factors that, depending on the style of viticulture and wine-making applied, may be magnified or subsumed in the resulting wine. |
| What are the differences between Macroclimate, Mesoclimate, and Microclimate | Macroclimate- regional climate (ie. Rheingau vs. Mosel) Mesoclimate- single vineyard climate Microclimate- climate around a single vine's canopy |
| What techniques are used for canopy management of a single vine? | Winter pruning, leaf removal, shoot positioning, use of sophisticated trellising systems |
| What are considered the best soils for viticulture? | Low fertility soils, well drained, easily penetrable soil with good water retention are desirable as they permit the vine to dig deeply for water and minerals |
| Is PH of limestone rich soils typically high or low? | High which contributes to higher acidity in wine (low ph) |
| If a soil's acidity is low PH is it a good candidate for viticulture? | No |
| When selecting a clone name 5 attributes that are examined? | Disease resistance Hardiness Yield Aromatics Structure Color |
| What is the difference between clonal selection and mass selection? | Clonal Selection= identical genetic reproductions of a single vine Mass Selection= select budwood for replanting from a number of vines throughout the vineyard, rather than single clones |
| Define: Scion | budwood selection- this is usually grafted onto american rootstock |
| What is Vitis Ripari most know for as a species? | Being used as American root-stock, resistant to phylloxera |
| In what year will a grapevine produce fruit suitable enough for harvest? | 3rd |
| In what year is grapevine considered mature? | 6th |
| At what year does a root system grow to full maturity? | 10th year although poor soils will slow growth |
| At what age does the yield begin to decline on a commercial vineyard? | 20 years, often uneconomical to maintain after 50 years |
| What is the objective of vine training? | the processes of pruning, shaping, and trellising the vine, is to maximize the vine’s performance in local conditions and to keep its canes from touching the ground and establishing new roots. |
| Define Cordon Training | the vine has at least one permanent cane that extends from the trunk, called an arm or cordon. It grows thick and gnarled over time, and fruit-bearing shoots will emerge from it each season. Cordon-trained vines generally require a trellising system |
| Define Head Trained | Head-trained vines have no permanent cordon, and the trunk ends in a knob, or head. Head-trained vines may be supported by a simple stake, or not at all |
| What is the name of a cane that has been cut back to 2 buds? | Spur |
| Where is the Gobelet system most often found? | Southern Rhone Southern Italy (known as albarello) Spain (known as en vaso) Australia (known as bush vines) |
| Explain the Guyot training system. | Cane-pruning/head-training that requires a vertical trellis on which the canes can be suspended, and has one spur and one main two-year-old cane. Developed in 1860 by Jules Guyot Double Guyot has two main canes and two spurs |
| Define the pruning system called Cordon du Royat. | The Cordon de Royat system is similar to the Guyot system, with a single spur-pruned permanent cordon extending horizontally from the trunk, rather than a two-year-old cane. This is the preferred training style for Pinot Noir in Champagne. |
| Explain Geneve and Lire training systems? | The spur-pruned/cordon-trained Geneva system and a close variant, the Lyre system, are more complicated, as cordons extend outward from the trunk in a flat “U” shape, creating a divided canopy |
| What is VSP? | Vertical Shoot Positioning- a trellising system, may be used for either cane-pruned or spur-pruned vines |
| What is the Tendone system? | An alternative training system in which the vines are trained upward and overhead along wooden frames or trees, enabling workers to pass underneath. Tendone vines may be either spur- or cane-pruned. Italy- Pergola Portugal- Enforcado |
| What are the 4 main groups of Vine Diseases? | Fungal Viral Bacterial Phytoplasma |
| What climate are fungal diseases closely associated with? | Warm and damp climates |
| What part of the vine does a fungal disease attack? | Fungal diseases manifest as mold or mildew and attack either the root system or the canopy of the grapevine. |
| How are fungal spores spread? | Wind and rain |
| What are some of the most worrisome fungal diseases? | Powdery mildew Downy mildew |
| How are viral diseases spread? | Grafting or transmitted by insects- there is no known cure for many common viruses |
| How are viral diseases controlled? | Removal and appropriate selection for propogation |
| What are phytoplasma diseases? | Phytoplasmas, pathogens similar to bacteria, yet they are symptomatically similar to viral diseases and, like viruses, must be spread through an insect vector or rootstock grafting. Known as grapevine yellows, were first recorded in Europe in the mid-1990s, and may cause widespread difficulties in the 21st century. |
| What is the native region of phylloxera? | Eastern United States |
| What is the only notable wine growing country that has not been effected by phylloxera? | Chile |
| What is Daktulosphaira vitifoliae? | Phylloxera- an aphid that feeds on roots of vines |
| List 6 major fungal diseases. | Powdery Mildew (Oidium) Downy Mildew (Peronospera) Eutypa Dieback (Dead Arm) Esca (Black Measles) Black Rot Bunch Rot |
| List 3 major bacterial diseases | Pierce's disease Crown Gall (Black Knot) Bacterial Blight |
| List 2 Viral Diseases | Leafroll Virus Fanleaf Degeneration |
| What is a shot berry? | Seedless berry |
| List a phytoplasma disease | Flavescence Doree |
| How do you control powdery mildew in the vineyard? | Applications of sulfur and fungicides |
| The Uncinula necator fungus is better known as ? | Powdery mildew (oidium) |
| What part of the plant does powdery mildew affect? | All green parts of the plant- grapes, leaves and shoots |
| What is the agent of downy mildew? | Plasmopara viticola |
| What part of the vine does downy mildew affect? | It attacks the green portions of the vine, causing leaves to drop off the vine and limiting the vine’s ability to photosynthesize |
| What is Bordeaux mixture? | Copper sulfate, water, lime |
| What is used to combat downy mildew? | Bordeaux mixture |
| What fungus causes "dead arm"? | Eutypa lata fungus- affects shoot growth as the fungus releases toxins. |
| Eutypa Dieback is also referred to as? | Dead Arm |
| Esca is also known as ? | Black Measles |
| What is Esca caused by and how does it affect the vine? | Caused by a complex of fungi rather than a single organism. Esca weakens growth on a young vine, affects berry development, and discolor leaves. On an old vine it affects the wood causing the interior of the trunk and arms to soften and rot from the inside |
| Black rot is caused by what fungus? | Guignardia bidwelli |
| Define Bunch Rot? | Bunch Rot is a grouping of similar diseases caused by a number of fungi species. In general, bunch rots reduce crop yields and may adversely affect the character of the wine, imbuing it with moldy off-flavors |
| What is the most common form of bunch rot and what fungus causes it? | Botrytis rot- Botrytis cinerea fungus |
| Botrytis rot is also known as? | Grey Rot/ Noble Rot |
| What are climate requirements for Botrytis? | Warm climate with a minimum 90% humidity to germinate |
| What bacteria causes Pierce's disease? | Xylella fastidiosa |
| How is Pierce's disease most commonly transmitted? | Glassy-winged sharp shooter-a leafhopping insect found near citrus orchards and oleander plants |
| How does Pierce's disease affect the vine? Where is it most found? | It renders the vines incapable of producing chlorophyll and kills it within one to five years. It is found in Mexico, United States and working its way into California. |
| What is Crown Gall also known as? | Black Knot |
| What bacteria causes Crown Gall? | Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
| How does Crown Gall affect the vine? | When affected, a vine develops tumors (galls) on its trunk, which girdle and essentially strangle the vine, withering or killing outright the portions of the vine above. |
| How does Crown Gall spread and what climate does it thrive in? | The disease is spread through the propagation of bacteria-infected budwood. It thrives in cold climates |
| What bacteria causes Bacterial Blight? | Xanthomonas ampelina |
| What affects does Bacterial Blight have on the vine? | Bacterial Blight often kills young grapevine shoots. They develop dark brown streaks in early spring, and eventually wither and die |
| How is Bacterial Blight spread and what measures are used to stop the spread? | Spread by rain and compromised pruning tools, the disease can be controlled by hot water treatments and copper sprays, such as the Bordeaux Mixture. |
| What is Leaf Roll virus caused by and what percentage of the world's grape production loss does it cause? | Leafroll Virus, a condition caused by a complex of at least nine different viruses, may be responsible for as much as 60% of the world’s grape production losses. |
| What affects does Leaf Roll virus have on the vine? | Red and gold leaves downward curling, reduced yields and delayed ripening |
| How is Leaf Roll spread? | Propagation of infected vines or an insect vector like the mealy bug. No known cure |
| What is Fanleaf Degeneration? | A nepovirus spread by soil nematodes feeding on infected roots, severely curtails yields and affected vineyards must be removed |
| How does Fanleaf Degeneration affect the vine? | It deforms shoot growth, and leads to poor fruit set and shot (seedless) berries. The leaves on an infected vine are malformed, resembling fans in appearance, and may form yellow bands around the veins. |
| What is Flavescence Doree? | A phytoplasma disease- A form of grapevine yellows, Flavescence Dorée first appeared in Armagnac in 1949. |
| How does Flavescence Doree affect the vine? | It delays budbreak and slows shoot growth, eventually causing bunches to fall off the vine and berries to shrivel. The disease will discolor leaves, cause pustules and cracks to form, and may kill young vines. |
| How is Flavescence Doree spread? What tools are used to combat it? | Leafhopper insects and propagation of infected vines spread it. No known cure however insecticides are used to control leafhopper population. |
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