578802
| Question | Answer |
| What are signs of hepatopathies? | -weight loss -reduced appetite -dull and depressed They may also have photo sensitisation, encephalopathy Very rarely they may have coagulopathies, jaundice and oedema |
| How should the diagnosis of hepathopahties be carried out? | after suspicion; measure bile acids, SDH, GDLH, alkaline phosphitase and carry out a clotting profile U/S may be done to identify hyper echoic areas and take biopsies |
| how are hepatopathies treated? | diet modification (inclusion of sugar beet pulp into the diet), some people use lactulose (although it hasn't been proven to work and is expensive), Neomycin is used to change GI flora, Vit B, folic acid and Vit K then specific treatments |
| what is the presentation of chronic grass sickness? | -chronic colic -dysphagia -anorexia -weight loss -weak stance (legs together) -reduced faecal output -decreased borborygmi -tachycardia -rhinitis sicca -muscle fassiculation -ptosis |
| How is grass sickness diagnosed? | ileal biopsy is gold standard, ptosis occurs in all horses with grass sickness so it can be worth while measuring the eyelash angle (this can be reversed with phenylepenephrin) |
| what is the treatment for grass sickness? | -cisapride (acts on seratonin receptors acts as a gastric pro kinetic ) -intensive nursing Poor prognosis! :( |
| which type of impaction is pathomnomic of grass sickness? | colonic |
| how does grass sickness cause its symptoms? | it destroys the enteric and CNS nerves and ganglia |
| What are the signs of acute grass sickness? | -sweating -congested mucus membranes -muscle fasciculation's -NG refulx -ptosis -dysphagia -colic -tachycardia -colonic impaction |
| how is acute grass sickness diagnosed? | -PM most commonly -oesophogeal scope- burnt appearance as reflux pools and muscles cannot work to move it |
| What is oesophageal choke caused by? | impaction (often sugar beat pulp or hay in a dehydrated horse) |
| what are the signs of oesophageal choke? | distress, Pytalism (salivation everywhere), nasal discharge and dysphagia, pitched squeal and flexed neck |
| how is oesophageal choke diagnosed? | attempts and failure to pass a stomach tube |
| How is oesophageal choke treated? | Placement of a stomach tube and laving with warm water |
| How is sand entropathy diagnosed and treated? | sand if often passed in the faeces, some people claim to be able to hear waves in the horses GIT?! Treat with psyllium a bulk laxative or an incredibly messy surgery |
| what re causes of acute enterocolitis? | clostridiosis, salmonellosis, potomic horse fever, NSAID toxicity, and endotoxaemia if left untreated |
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