4957086
Description
| Question | Answer |
| What does infrared radiation involve? | The transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic radiation. |
| What does Kinetic Theory explain? | The different states and properties of matter in terms of the movement of the millions and millions of particles. |
| What is conduction? | Energy is transferred by the movement of electrons or ions. Insulators are materials that have few or no free electrons, so they can't readily transfer their energy by heating. |
| What is convection? | The transfer of energy by heating though the movement of particles. Convection occurs in liquids and gases, creating convection currents. |
| What is evaporation? | The transfer of energy at the surface of a liquid. The opposite effect, where the gas or vapour returns to a liquid state at the surface, is called condensation. |
| What factors affect the rate at which a material transfers energy? | - Its surface area and volume - The type of material - The nature of the surface - Its temperature |
| What do U-values measure? What does a lower U-value mean? | How effective a particular material is as an insulator. The better the material is as an insulator. |
| What is the Specific heat Capacity? | The amount of energy required to change the temperature of 1kg of a material by 1°C. |
| What is a Sankey Diagram? | A diagram that shows the relative proportions of energy transfers using arrow. The width of arrows are proportional to the amount of energy they represent. |
| What does the efficiency of a device refer to? | The proportion of energy (or power) that is usefully transferred. |
| Give two examples of fossil fuels | Coal Oil Gas |
| What is a biofuel? | Solid, liquid or gas obtained from lifeless or living biological material. |
| A rapidly evolving technology involves carbon capture. Why is this important? Where will it be stored? | Prevents carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere. Stored in old oil fields or gas fields. |
| What are transformers used for? | To change the potential difference (voltage) of the alternating current (a.c.) before and after it is transmitted through the National Grid. |
| Fill in the missing gaps: Power Station --> Step-____ Transformer --> Power Lines --> Step-____ Transformer --> Houses, shops, etc... | Up Down |
| What is a Transverse Wave? | A wave where the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. |
| What is a Longitudinal Wave? | A wave where the oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer. |
| What is the amplitude of a wave? | The distance from the rest position to the crest position which is half the vertical distance from a trough to a crest. |
| What is the frequency of a wave? | The number of waves passing a fixed point each second. |
| What 7 things does the Electromagnetic Spectrum consist of? | Radio Waves Micro Waves Infrared Radiation Visible Light Ultraviolet rays X-Rays Gamma Rays |
| A Radio Wave has a ____ Frequency and a _____ Wavelength. | Low Long |
| A Gamma Ray has a ____ frequency and a _____ wavelength. | High Short |
| What are Radio Waves used for? | Television and radio signals |
| What are Microwaves used for? | Mobile phone networks and satellite communication Cooking - water molecules absorb microwaves and heat up |
| What is Infrared Radiation used for? | Remote controls for televisions Grills, toasters and radiant heaters Optical Fibre communication |
| What is reflection? | When a wave strikes a surface and it changes direction. |
| What is the normal line? | A construction line drawn perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence. |
| When an object is viewed in a plane mirror the image formed is... | Virtual (i.e. on the opposite side of the mirror) Upright (i.e. in the same orientation) The same size (as the object) Laterally inverted (i.e. left becomes right) |
| What type of wave is a sound wave? | A longitudinal wave. |
| Between what two frequencies can humans hear sound? | 20Hz and 20,000Hz |
| What is the Doppler effect? | It’s the apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer. |
| What is red-shift? | When a light source moves away from you, the observed wavelength increases and the frequency decreases. (The opposite applies for blue shift) |
| The light observed from distant galaxies in the universe is ____-shifted. | red |
| Give two pieces of evidence that the red-shift of light provides in terms of our universe. | The whole universe is expanding The expansion began from a very small initial point in a huge explosion known as the Big bang. |
| What does CMBR stand for, and what is it? | Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation A form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the entire Universe. It comes from radiation that was around shortly after the beginning of the universe, but which has now been stretched. |
| What is the unit for specific heat capacity? | J/kg°C |
| What are the advantages of a Nuclear power source? | - Cost of fuel is low. - Rate of fuel use is low. - Doesn't produce CO2 and SO2 emissions into the atmosphere. |
| What are the disadvantages of a Nuclear power source? | - Radioactive waste produced. - Difficulty of storing radioactive material for thousands of years. - Building new power stations is very costly. - Decommissioning is very costly. - Accident and radioactive contamination risks are high. |
| What is the advantage of a Coal power source? | - Relatively easy and cheap to extract. |
| What are the disadvantages of a Coal power source? | - Burning produces CO2 and SO2. - Only a few hundreds years left. |
| What are the advantages of an Oil power source? | - Has been easy to find. - Perhaps large amounts left. |
| What are the disadvantages of an Oil power source? | - Burning produces CO2 and SO2. - Significant risk of spillage and pollution. - Destruction of wildlife habitats. |
| What are the advantages of a Gas power source? | - Has been easy to find. - Perhaps large stocks left. - No SO2 emissions. |
| What are the disadvantages of a Gas power source? | - Burning produces CO2 emissions. - Expensive pipelines and networks are required. - Visual pollution of landscape. - Destruction of wildlife habitats. |
| What are the advantages of Wind Turbines? | - No fuel or little maintenance. - No polluting gases. - Can be built offshore. |
| What are the disadvantages of Wind Turbines? | - Land based ones are visually polluting. - High initial costs. - Not flexible in meeting demands. - Variation in wind affects output. |
| What are the advantages of Tidal and Waves as an energy source? | - No fuel required. - No polluting gases produced. - Barrage water can be released when demand is high. |
| What are the disadvantages of Tidal and Waves as an energy source? | - Visual pollution + hazard to shipping. - Can destroy wildlife habitats. - Variations in tides. - High capital costs to build them. |
| What are the advantages of Hydroelectricity as an energy source? | Fast start-up time. - No polluting gases produced. - Water can be pumped back to the reservoir when demand is low. |
| What are the disadvantages of Hydroelectricity as an energy source? | - Involves damaging upland valleys. - Destruction of wildlife habitats. - Need an adequate rainfall. - Very high initial costs. |
| What are the advantages of Solar Cells as an energy source? | - Uses light from the Sun. - Useful in remote locations. - No polluting gases produced. - Small-scale production possible. |
| What are the disadvantages of Solar Cells as an energy source? | - Depends on light intensity. - Use of high cost semiconductor materials. - Efficiency is poor. - Visual pollution of large areas of solar panels. |
| What are the advantages of Biofuels as an energy source? | - Flexible product. - Cost effective. - Little impact on the environment. |
| What are the disadvantages of Biofuels as an energy source? | - Some pre-processing of the material is required. - Limited resources due to land area requirements. |
| What are the advantages of Geothermal energy sources? | - No pollutants produced. - Uses naturally occurring hot water and steam. - Low start-up costs. |
| What are the disadvantages of Geothermal energy sources? | - Restricted to only certain volcanic areas. - Subsidence risk. |
| From fastest to slowest, which of these has the fastest start-up times? - Coal - Gas - Nuclear - Oil | FASTEST Gas Oil Coal Nuclear SLOWEST |
| What is the voltage of electricity in power stations? | 25 000V |
| What is the voltage of electricity in power lines? | 400 000V |
| What is the voltage of electricity in houses? | 230V |
| What are the range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum? | SHORT 10 to the power of -15 to LONG 10 to the power of 4 |
| What is the pitch of a sound determined by? | Its frequency |
| What are echoes examples of? | Sound being reflected at a surface. |
| Do radio waves and gamma rays travel at the same speed through a vacuum (space)? | Yes |
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