F322 KEY WORDS

Question	Answer
Addition Polymer	A very long molecular chain formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules ( monomers)
Addition Polymerisation	The process in which monomers add on to a growing chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecule chain (addition polymer)
Addition Reaction	A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.
Alicyclic hydrocarbon	A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
Aliphatic hydrocarbon	A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.
Alkanes	The homologous series with the general formula:
Atom Economy	Molecular mass of desired product/sum of molecular masses of all products
Alkyl Group	An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed e.g.CH3
Biodegradable material	A substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms.
Carbocation	is an organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge.
Catalyst	A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.
Cis-trans isomerisation	Special type of E/Z isomerism, which there is a non-hydrogen group and a hydrogen on each C of the C=C. Cis (Z) isomer has the H atoms on the same side. Trans (E) isomer has the H atoms on opposite sides.
Cracking	Refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes.
Curly Arrow	A symbol used in a reaction mechanism to show the movement of an electron pair in the formation or breaking of a covalent bond.
Dehydration	An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
Displayed formula	Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
Electrophile	An atom that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Electrophilic addition	A type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, whee it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Elimination Reaction	Refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
Esterification	The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water.
E/Z isomerism	A type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space due to the restricted rotation of the C=C bond.
Fractional Distillation	The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling points by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.
Fragmentation	The process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a a positive fragment ion.
Functional Group	The part of the organic molecule responsible for the chemical reactions.
Heterolytic Fission	The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming ions.
Homologous Series	A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
Homolytic Fission	Breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.
Hydrocarbons	Organic compounds that contain carbon and oxygen only.
Hydrolysis	A reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds.
Initiation	First step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals and generated by ultraviolet radiation.
Limiting Reagent	The substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first.
Mechanism	A sequence of steps chowing the path taken by electrons in a reaction.
Molecular Ion, M+	The positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron.
Monomer	Small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.
Nucleophile	An atom that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Nucleophilic Substitution	A type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Pi-bond	Reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals.
Polymer	A long molecular chain built up from monomer units.
Radical	A species with an unpaired electron.
Radical Substitution	Is a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms.
Reflux	The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry.
Repeat Unit	Specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again.
Saturated Hydrocarbon	A hydrocarbon with single bonds only.
Skeletal formula	is a simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
Stereoisomers	Compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of atoms in space.
Structural Formula	Shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Structural Isomers	Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangement of atoms.
Substitution reaction	A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.
Termination	The step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons	A hydrocarbon containing carbon-carbon double bonds.
Volatility	The ease that a liquid turns into a gas. Volatility increases as boiling point decreases.
% Yield	Actual amount, in mol, of product
Enthalpy, H	The heat content that is stored in a chemical system.
Exothermic	Refers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is smaller than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat loss to the surroundings.
Endothermic	Refers to a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is greater than the enthalpy of the reactants, resulting in heat being taken in from the surroundings.
Enthalpy Profile Diagram	A diagram for a reaction to compare the enthalpy of the reactants with the enthalpy of the products.
Activation Energy	The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds.
Standard Conditions	A pressure of 100kPa (1atmosphere); a stated temperature, usually 298K (25C); a concentration of 1.0 moldm-3 (for reactions with aqueous solutions).
Standard State	The physical state of a substance under the standard conditions of 100kPa and 298K.
Standard Enthalpy Change of Combustion	The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
Standard Enthalpy Change of Formation	The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of compound is formed from the constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions.
Specific Heat Capacity	The energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1'C
Bond Enthalpy	The enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
Average Bond Enthalpy	The average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species.
Hess' Law	States that, if a reaction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route.
Enthalpy Cycle	A diagram showing alternative route between reactants and products which allows the indirect determination of an enthalpy change from other known enthalpy changes using Hess' Law.
Rate of reaction	The change in concentration of a reactant or a product in a given time.
Heterogeneous Catalysis	A catalysis of a reaction in which the catalyst has a different physical state from the reactants; frequently, reactants are gases whilst the catalyst is a solid.
Homogeneous Catalysis	Catalysis of a reaction in which the catalstt and reactants are in the same physical state, which is most frequently the aqueous or gaseous state.
Boltzmann Distribution	The distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, often shown as a graph.
Dynamic Equilibrium	The equilibrium that exists in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
Le Chatelier's Principle	States that when a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change, the position of equilibrium will shift to minimise the change.
Greenhouse Effect	The process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warms the lower atmosphere and the planet's surface.
Troposphere	The lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, extending from the Earth's surface to about 7km (above the poles) and to about 20km (above the tropics).
Stratosphere	The second layer of the Earth's atmosphere, containing the 'ozone layer', about 10km to 50km above the earth's surface.
Absorption	The process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid.

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