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| Question | Answer |
| Linear A/B | -Cuneiform writing: -Linear A: script from 1800 BC to about 1400 BC that undecipherable even to this day. -Linear B: from 1400 to decline in 1100 Was an early form of Greek and not used for political, social, and philosophical aspects of life; only commercial transactions |
| Lion Gate | -symbol of Mycenae (kind of like a flag) -apotropaic-> scare away enemies |
| Polis/ City-state | -different centers of living in Classical Greece (i.e.: Corinth, Thebes, Athens, Sparta) -all had its own form of government, laws and money |
| Ball Game- ball courts | -social(1), political(2), cosmological (3), & mythical (4)functions -(1)fertility -afterlife (1/4) -(2/4)helped decide when to sacrifice/ who was sacrificed -> high ranking captives forced to play & loser was sacrificed/ nobility sacrificed, too, bcuz they were thought to be closer to Gods *sacrifices done to appease gods* -Mesoamerican cultural period (i.e.: Mayans and Aztecs) |
| Colossal heads | -marker of Olmec culture Purpose: may have been to rep. simple series of local/ regional leaders (i.e.: @ San Lorenzo, Laventa, & Tres Zapotes) -Mutilated -> suspected to be @ the hands of the Olmecs themselves (maybe after ruler died) |
| Chaac | -Mayan rain god *Very imp. bcuz s because their entire existence as a people relied on the production of surplus from the agriculture which rain brought* |
| Bloodletting rituals | -done to send back maize & water that the gods used to create the Mayan ppl to the earth so that they may sustain their way of living -> i.e.: good growing season |
| Chiefdom | -socio-political structure of Mesoamerican civilizations -hierarchically arranged -> chief 1st(higher rank & authority over others) -Hereditary chiefs said to have leadership qualities "in their blood" |
| Democracy | -Greek for "rule of the ppl" -Athens, Greece (4th Century) under Pericles -Direct Democracy = all the male citizens would gather, discuss the issues, and then voted on them. -able to vote= MALE, 18+, fam. in good standing, own property -> women & slaves excluded |
| Down-the-line-trade | -a group will trade resources w/ nearby group, who trades a some of it to another that's a little farther away, etc. *farther away the material travels from the source the smaller the amount that is seen in that area* i.e.: trade of obsidian from Yellowstone to Mississippian cultures |
| Cultural Resource Management (CRM) | -A professional field that conducts activities, including archaeology, related to compliance with laws aimed at preserving cultural resource laws. (i.e.: surveying land in construction site b4 it can be built on) -arose in 19th century bcuz ppl were upset about the destruction of nature -> i.e.: the looting of national heritage |
| Direct Trade | -Travel to source of a material -Exchange goods or services for it -Receive it as a gift -Moves materials less distance |
| Palisade | -a type of wall built of sticks supported by horizontal logs or interwoven sapplings -i.e.: @ Cahokia -> wall was started around A.D. 1100 & then rebuilt 3x over a period of 200 years. -Each construction required 15,000-20,000 oak & hickory logs, 1 ft in diameter and 20 ft tall. -logs were sunk into a trench 4-5 ft deep/ were supported w/ horizontal poles or interwoven w/ saplings. |
| Effigy Mounds | -Effigy: an image or representation especially of a person -Mounds in the shape of animals for the gods -> i.e.: Serpent mound (Ohio) -Eastern N. American cultural period |
| Mayan Civilization | -Subsistence:Wild plants & domesticated maize(amount varied upon status) -Settlement:sedentary villages w/ some monumental structures -Technology:pottery, clay figurines -Polytheist belief in gods that ruled everything -> specifically in terms of agriculture(reason for sacrifices/ bloodletting rituals) *Think of creation story!* -260 day Mayan Calender (accurate based on astronomy) Ball Game (from Olmecs) -Mayan #'s (included zero) -Glpyhs (800 diff. images) used for writer -Sites: (1) Tikal; (2) Chichén Itzá |
| Aztec Civilzation | -migration of Nahua ppl from Aztlan to the Valley of Mexico-> 7tribes of Nahua people come from Aztlan: Xochimilca,Tlahuica, Acolhua,Tlaxcalan,Tepaneca,Chalca, and Mexica -Architecture:Twin pyramids & ball courts -Population: approx. 125,000 -Trade: thruout Mesoamerica & into U.S. SW -Technology: Obsidian; no metal -Art: Murals, monumental architecture -Social/ political regime: hierarchically arranged -Sites: Site: Tenochtitlán |
| Inca civilization | -Incan empire was measured by a 1000 yr cosmic cycle-> 1000 yr cylce then divided in 1/2 -Sites: Machu Picchu, Nazca lines? |
| Bird Stones | -carve stone flutes that look like birds |
| Minoan Civilization | -civilization was developing on island of Crete -organized into a complex caste system: Nobles,Merchants, Artisans, Bureaucrats, & Laborers -Palace of Knossos -Language: Linear A/ Linear B -Religion: (1) Matriarchal society; (2)Center of worship was a mother goddess; (3) Earth goddesses portrayed in various forms -Art: bull leaping, males=red, women=white |
| Mycenaean Civilization | -Aegean Greece (1900—1100 BC) -fortified cities -> protection from attack -Lion Gate -2 types of deities: (1) predecessors of Greek Olympian gods w/ same names; (2) natural divinities/ spirits -to tried to topple Troy-> Illiad/ Odyssey -warring civ. |
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