424652
Description
Flashcards by Chantelle Lin, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Chantelle Lin
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Nova Group bulk water exports | 2005 IJC agreement to ban |
| water security | condition of water resource, extent to which it's threatened by overuse, contamination |
| threats to water security | pop, urbanization, globalization, climate change, bioterrorism |
| water security solutions | more than engineering, structural-- soc and govt--eliminating wasteful and inefficient use |
| what percent of world's total renewable water resource does Canada have? | 7 |
| threats to Canada's water security | much of water is not renewable. much in sparsely populated areas. temporal/spatial variation in runoff threatened by human stress |
| mean annual discharge vs reliable monthly | mean annual varies too much temporally. reliable monthly=flow equalled or exceed all but one month in 10 years |
| withdrawal vs in-stream | in-stream incl hydropower |
| how many L do Cdns use per day | 329 (2x Europeans, 9x East Africans) |
| largest water using | cooling during thermal power production (little is consumed though)-- agriculture consumes most-- Ontario lgst water withdrawer, AB lgst consumer |
| %incr water use last decade | 14% |
| point vs non-point source pollution | point-industrial,sewage non-point- agriculture |
| groundwater use | 2% of total withdrawals but used by 30% of Cdns, 82% of rural residents, 43% and 14% of agricultural and industrial use |
| how much for drought-related insurance payouts 2000 | $1 billion |
| benefits of water allocation | reduce conflict, promote efficient use, enhance water security |
| intl trade agreements | NAFTA (Canada, US, Mexico), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (through WTO)-- eroding Canada's sovereignty? |
| Boundary Waters Treaty (1909) | drought in 1892->irrigation. AB using water from St Mary River, rises in Montana. Users in US didn't respect AB's needs. Milk river also rises in Montana, flows into AB, back to Montana. Cdns would have diverted water from Milk into St Mary ->IJC |
| Great Lakes-St Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement | protect and conserve water of basin |
| NAFTA concerns | will intl trade agreements prevent Canada from protecting and managing its water? Will Canada be forced to permit bulk water exports to US? If bulk water exports take place, can they be stopped? |
| NAFTA's treatment of water | water is included when it is a "good" (ex ingredient in food or water), but not specifically excluded in natl state. 93- statement issued to exclude water when it is not a good. 2001- Act to amend Intl Boundary Waters Treaty Act- prohibit bulk water removal |
| virtual water | volume of water reqd to produce a commodity ("embedded" in the commodity) |
| what ranking is Canada for virtual water export? | second after Australia. US imports a lot of Canada's virtual water, ex beef |
| Alberta Environment's moratorium on new water licenses | three southern Saskatchewan river basins affected. water overallocated |
| North-west Irrigation Act 1894 | AB, SK, MB- water allocation takes place through licenses from prov govt. prior appropriation model- ppl who put water to use create legal entitlement to that water, first person to use has strongest right |
| Ontario water allocation | riparian rights (for water that flows in known defined channels). rule of capture (groundwater) based on outdated knowledge of when use was small, supply was great, knowledge was incomplete |
| riparian rights | a person who owns land that borders on or is crossed by a watercourse with a known and defined channel is entitled to receive water undiminished in quantity or quality, may make reasonable use of that water, does not have to use the water to keep rights, can be sued for interfering with another riparian's rights |
| rule of capture | groundwater--landowners may withdraw as much percolating water as they wish and are not liable for interferences resulting from the water-taking. They don't own the water unless they capture it. |
| conflicts in ON water allocation | activities that consumed a lot of water negatively effect downstream users, not all activities using a lot of water located on water bodies |
| OWRA | Ontario Water Resources Act (61) = permit system reqs that if you take more than 50000L/day you must have a Permit to Take Water. directors have considerable discretion |
| Problems w Permit to Take water | poor data collection, inadequate reqs for local consultation, weak provisions for protecting evmtl water reqs. many concerns addressed new regulations 2004,7 |
| ON Low Water Response | responding to droughts, water shortage -local, watershed based BUT unwillingness to enforce restrictions when economic losses result |
| future problems for ON water | drought, low stream flow, reduced groundwater |
| factors in water quality | physical, chemical, biological properties |
| threats to water quality | sewage+agriculture (phosphorous, nutrients, bacteria, chemicals), industrial facilities |
| Cdn Envmtl Quality Guidelines | not enforceable. diff lvls for drinking water, agriculture, etc |
| treatment, point, non-point | end of pipe treatment progress. agriculture (non-point)- voluntary best mgmt adoption |
| water quality fed vs provincial | provs have primary responsibility, fed looks after boundary, interprov, Aboriginal, fish habitat, Cdn Water Act=collaboration on protection, Envmt Act=regulating toxic substances. shared responsibility for health, water-borne disease |
| Great Lakes water quality 1912 | 20-60x higher death rate than N Europe from typhoid fever, IJC found untreated sewage->chlorination rather than sewage treatment |
| 1964 lower lakes reference | foundation for 72 GLWQA. IJC didn't get implementation authority but hot authority to monitor implementation of agreement incl water quality objectives |
| GLWQA | 72-gave IJC monitoring implementation responsibility. water quality objectives esp nutrient loading- target achieved except Lake Erie by 2000. 78- agreement renegotiated w ecosystem approach- more emphasis on toxic contaminants |
| chemicals in Great Lakes | 260 chemicals detected, 11 critical pollutants b/c toxicity, persistence, ability to recycle in envmt, tendency to bioaccumulate and biomagnify |
| Progress GLWQA | toxic contaminants declined, still above recommended lvls, Atmospheric PCBs declined |
| Remedial Action Plans | 43 most degraded locations (Areas of Concern) around lakes, 17 of which in Canada. |
| Hamilton Harbour | slow progress. 500km2 watershed, 500000ppl, lg industries, steel producers. contaminated sediments (decades of industrial +municipal discharge), degraded water quality (storm, sewer outflows). $1billion to treat sediment |
| Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem | releases of mercury, dioxins, furans reduced 86-90% from 88, waterfowl habitat protected, restored, treatment infrastructure to reduce municipal waste |
| Walkerton | 4800ppl, southern ON. groundwater from wells. contaminated water from well next to livestock farm. 7 dead, 2300 ill. preventable. negligent plant operator misled prov. authorities. Prov. govt had cut Ministry of Envmt budget 44% 95-97. livestock farm was operated properly- well was badly located, constructed. |
| Justice O'Connor Walkerton Inquiry | recommended integrated, multi-barrier approach to drinking water safety based on legal standards, regulation |
| integration | interaction of surface and groundwater, land and water |
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