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| Question | Answer |
| Emotions | Actions or movements, many of them public, visible to others as they occur in the face, voice, & specific behaviors. Can be detected via GSR, hormonal assays, ERP. |
| ERP | Put electrodes on the scalp to detect changes in neuronal activity in the underlying cortex. |
| GSR | Galvantic skin response - Attach electrodes to the skin to see the activation of the SNS when sweat comes out & changes the resistence. |
| Emotion | Bodily response to some stimulus that is emotionally competent (capable of generating an emotion). Response to an environmental stimulus can cause a physical reaction - which then serves to stimulate emotion (facial expression, voice, muscle tension, etc.) After your body responds, you feel it. |
| Feelings | "Maps" linked to cognitive networks. |
| Depression | Frontal lobe less active, negative thoughts serve as stimuli. |
| Damasio's Homeostasis "Machine" | Your body contains nested, interconnected mechanisms that detect changes from optimal conditions and respond with adaptive behaviors (emotions) - the goal is "survival w/ well-being." |
| Emotions | Drives & motivations Pain & pleasure behaviors (withdrawal & approach) Immune responses Basic reflexes Metabolic regulation |
| Emotions: Three types | Background Primary Social |
| Background | Malaise, well-being, energy, fatigue; A "state of being," either good, bad, or somewhere in between. How do you feel?? |
| Primary | Fear, anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise. Easy to identify across cultures, in babies, etc. |
| Social | Sympathy, shame, embarrassment, envy, admiration, jealousy, guilt, contempt, gratitude, indignation, pride. Complex, built from emotions. Deployed over time as you interact. Require engagement. Not born w/ these. Rely on the assessment of social aspects. Requires stimuli that lead to your specific deployment of specific emotional behaviors. Built up through primary emotions. Developed through particular social/cultural contexts. |
| Feelings | Perceptions particularly of the body. Perceptions of thoughts with "themes" that fit the feeling, and perceptions of certain "modes" of thinking. The idea of the body being a certain way. The ECS. Related thoughs & modes of thinking. (Image production, sense, energy, tension, isolation, absence of pain, well-being. |
| Papez Circuit | Hypothalamus (basic drives) Thalamus Cingulate cortex Hippocampus (critical for memory functions) |
| Hypothalamus | Inherent for emotional expression & experience, gernerates basic drives. It is essentially the head nucleaus of the ANS, it can directly control autonomic output. Also, has control over the endocrine system - hormone release - pituitary gland. |
| Hypothalamus | Detects some emotional stimuli. Has projections to the cerbrospinal fluid. Also, able to project emotions to higher centers of the brain (what it's detecting). |
| Kluver Bucy Syndrome | Lack of affect, visual agnosia, indiscriminate sexual expression, severe memory loss. Violent monkeys underwent bilateral temporal lobectomy (part of the papez circuit). First evidence for Papez circuit involvement in emotional expression. |
| Limbic System | Expansion of the Papez circuit: added amygdala, frontal cortex, septal area, parahippocampa gyrus, basal forebrain, some brainstem structures. |
| Amygdala | Large subcortical nucleus, w/ many inputs/outputs. Key player in emotions (particularly fear). You can provoke the emotional symptoms of Kluver Bucy, w/out the memory loss or agnosia, if you remove the amygdala alone. |
| Fear recognition | Requires the amygdala. Fear expressions increased amygdala activation: Increase intensity of expression, increase amygdala response. Reversed pattern w/ happy faces. |
| Amygdala | In the perfect location to recieve info & change brainactivity (e.g. stress hormones). Touch, pain, temp., sounds, "plans", memory, smells, tastes, vision. |
| Urbach-Wiethe disease | When a person loses both amygdala. Bilateral calcification of the amygdala. Patients don't experience anger or fear (& are unable to recognize expressions); have diminished emotional response. No "orienting" response to unexpected stimuli. No "galvanic skin response" to charged pictures. No fear conditioning (e.g. tone + electric shock). |
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