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Description
Flashcards by Erin Ramsey, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Erin Ramsey
about 2 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Vertical Search Engine | A website that indexes World Wide Web information in a specific field (can aid in evaluating credibility) |
| Domain | The category in which a website is located on the Internet, indicated by the last three letters of the site’s URL |
| Online Database | Subscription-based electronic resources that may offer access to abstracts and/or the full texts of entries (as well as bibliographic data) |
| Stacks | Referring to the collection of books in a library |
| Preliminary Bibliography | A list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech (a starter reference page) |
| Citation Manager | Web-based software package for collecting, organizing, and formatting citation information |
| What does CRAAP stand for? | C- Currency, the timeliness of the information R - Relevance, the importance of the information in relation to your topic A - Authority, the source behind the information (qualifications, credibility) A - Accuracy, the reliability of the information (general correctness) P - Purpose, the reason the information exists |
| Brief Illustrations | An unelaborated example, often only a sentence or two long |
| Extended Illustrations | A detailed example that resembles a story |
| Personal Illustrations | An anecdote drawn from the speaker’s own experiences |
| Hypothetical Illustrations | An example that might happen but that has not actually occurred |
| Description | A 'word picture' of something |
| Explanation | A statement that clarifies how something is done or why it exists in its present form or existed in its past form |
| Definition | A statement about what a term means or how it is applied in a specific instance |
| Definition: Classification | The kind of definition you would find in a dictionary |
| Definition: Operational | The definition of a term by showing how it works or how it is applied in a specific instance |
| Analogy | A comparison (“My momma always said, 'life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're going to get'”) |
| Literal Analogy | A comparison between two similar things |
| Figurative Analogy | A comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share some common feature on which the comparison depends |
| Statistics | Numerical data that summarize facts or samples |
| Expert Testimony | An opinion offered by a recognized authority on a subject (adds credibility to your argument) |
| Lay Testimony | An opinion or description offered by a non-expert who has firsthand experience (intended to be memorable and/or elicit an emotional response from your audience) |
| Literary Quotation | An opinion or description by a writer who speaks in a memorable and often poetic way (brief quotes have more impact) |
| Magnitude | Bigger is better. The larger the numbers, the more convincing your statistics will be. The more experts who support your point of view, the more your expert testimony will command your audience’s attention |
| Relevance | The best supporting material is whatever is the most relevant to your listeners, or the “closest to home" |
| Concreteness | If you need to discuss principles and theories, explain them using concrete examples and specific statistics |
| Variety | A mix of illustrations, opinions, definitions, and statistics is much more interesting and convincing than the exclusive use of any one type of supporting material |
| Humor | Unless the topic is serious or somber, audiences usually appreciate a touch of humor in an example or opinion |
| Suitability | Your final decision about whether to use a certain piece of supporting material will depend on its suitability to you, your speech, the occasion, and your audience |
| Different Types of Supporting Materials | Illustrations, Definitions, Descriptions and Explanations, Analogies, and Statistics |
| Manuscript Speaking | Reading a speech from a written text |
| Memorized Speaking | Delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes |
| Impromptu Speaking | Delivering a speech without advance preparation |
| Extemporaneous Speaking | Speaking from a written or memorized speech outline without having memorized the exact wording of the speech |
| The Speech-Making Process | 1. Consider the audience (should be considered throughout this process) 2. Select and narrow-down topic 3. Determine the purpose 4. Developing central/main ideas 5. Supporting material 6. Organizing the speech 7. Rehearsing and presentation |
| Gestures | Should come off as natural, varied, coordinated, and appropriate |
| Posture | Your posture should not call attention to itself. Instead, it should reflect your interest in the speaking event and your attention to the task at hand |
| Facial Expressions | Your face plays a key role in expressing your thoughts and especially your emotions and attitudes |
| Personal Appearance | If you violate their expectations about appearance, you will be less successful in achieving your purpose |
| The 6 Nonverbal Communication Factors | Eye Contact, Gestures, Movement, Posture, Facial Expression, and Personal Appearance |
| Volume | The softness or loudness of a speaker’s voice |
| Articulation | The production of clear and distinct speech sounds |
| Dialect | A consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region |
| Pronounciation | The proper use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately |
| Pitch | How high or low a voice sounds |
| Rate | The speed at which a speaker talks |
| Vocalized Pausing | The stopping of speaking to emphasize a point |
| 5 Perks of Presentation Aids | Focus, understanding, remember/memory, organization, and illustration |
| Two-Dimensional Aids | Drawings, photos, maps, graphs, charts, presentation tools (like PowerPoint), and fonts |
| Three-Dimensional Aids | Objects, models, people |
| Persuasion | The process of changing or reinforcing a listener’s attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior |
| Attitudes | Learned predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably toward something; likes and dislikes |
| Beliefs | An individual’s perception of what is true or false |
| Values | An enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong |
| Behavior | The way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially toward others |
| Aristotle’s Classical Approach to Persuasion | This approach identifies three general methods (or “available means”) of persuasion: ethos, logos, and pathos |
| Rhetoric | The process of discovering, in any particular case, the available means of persuasion |
| Ethos | The term Aristotle used to refer to a speaker’s credibility |
| Pathos | The term used by Aristotle to refer to appeals to human emotion |
| Logos | The term Aristotle used to refer to logic—the formal system of using rules to reach a conclusion |
| Elaboration Likelihood Model | The theory that people can be persuaded by logic, evidence, and reasoning, or through a more peripheral route that may depend on the credibility of the speaker, the sheer number of arguments presented, or emotional appeals |
| Direct Persuasion Route | Persuasion that occurs when audience members critically examine evidence and arguments |
| Indirect Persuasion Route | Persuasion that occurs as a result of factors peripheral to a speaker’s logic and argument, such as the speaker’s charisma or emotional appeals |
| Cognitive Dissonance | The sense of mental discomfort that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns |
| Physiological Needs | We all need air, water, and food. According to Maslow’s theory, unless those needs are met, it will be difficult to motivate a listener to satisfy other needs |
| Safety Needs | Once basic physiological needs are met, listeners are concerned about their safety. We all need to feel safe, secure, and protected. Persuasive speakers often appeal to our need to provide for our own and our loved ones’ safety |
| Social Needs | We need contact with others and reassurance that they care about us. According to Maslow, these social needs translate into our need for a sense of belonging to a group. Powerful persuasive appeals are based on our need for social contact |
| Self-Esteem Needs | The need for self-esteem reflects our desire to think well of ourselves. Advertisers often appeal to this need to persuade us to buy products |
| Self-Actualization Needs | The need for self-actualization is the need to fully realize one’s highest potential, which Maslow suggested could be addressed only after we met needs at the other four levels. Being the best at something appeals to this need |
| Positive Motivation | Positive motivational appeals are suggestions that good things will happen to listeners who heed the speaker’s advice |
| Negative Motivation | Negative motivation, also known as a fear appeal, takes the form of an “if–then” statement. If you don’t do ___, then awful things will happen to you |
| Social Judgement Theory | A theory that categorizes listener responses to a persuasive message |
| Proposition of Fact | A proposition focusing on whether something is true or false or whether it did or did not happen |
| Proposition of Value | A proposition calling for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something |
| Proposition of Policy | A proposition advocating a change in a policy, procedure, or behavior |
| Credibility | Ethos→ Audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism |
| Competance | Informed, skilled, or knowledgeable about one’s subject |
| Trustworthiness | Honesty and sincerity |
| Dynamism | Energy through your delivery |
| Charisma | A form of dynamism, possesses charm, talent, magnetism, and other qualities that make the person attractive and energetic |
| Initial Credibility | The impression listeners have of you before you start speaking (perception based on appearance, word of mouth, and previous speeches you have presented) |
| Derived Credibility | The perception of credibility the audience forms while you are speaking |
| Terminal Credibility | The impression your audience has of you at the end of your speech |
| Reasoning | The process of drawing a conclusion from evidence |
| Evidence | Facts, examples, statistics, expert opinions |
| Soft Evidence | Rests on opinion or interference. Hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, and opinions are usually considered soft |
| Hard Evidence | Includes factual examples and statistics |
| Inductive Reasoning | You reach a general conclusion based on specific examples, facts, statistics, and opinions |
| Deductive Reasoning | Reasoning from a general statement or principle to reach a specific conclusion. → The opposite of inductive reasoning |
| Reasoning by Analogy | A special type of inductive reasoning; an analogy is a comparison→ compares one thing, person, or process with another, to predict how the second thing will perform or respond |
| Reasoning by Sign | A type of inductive reasoning; occurs when two things are so closely related that the existence of one thing means that the other thing will happen. Ex: Thunder & Lightning |
| Syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning: consists of a major premise (“all gods are immortal”), a minor premise (“Zeus is a god”), and then a conclusion (“Zeus is immortal”) |
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