257476
Description
Flashcards by Millie Aitken, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Millie Aitken
about 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
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Image:
Ethylene2 (image/png)
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Double Bond Alkene - ene |
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Image:
Ethanol-2D-flat (image/png)
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Hydroxyl Group Alcohol - anol |
| Carboxyl Group Carboxylic Acid - anoic acid | |
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Image:
images (image/jpeg)
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Ester Esters - oate |
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Image:
Image618.gif (image/gif)
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Chloroalkane group Haloalkane - chloroalkane or - bromoalkane |
| Carbonyl group Ketone - anone | |
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Image:
acetaldehyde (image/png)
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Aldehyde Group Aldehyde - anal |
| Amino group Amide - amide | |
| Acyl chloride group Acyl chloride - oyl chloride | |
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Image:
images (image/jpg)
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Amino group Amine - amine |
| Alkenes: + MnO4- --> + H2O/H2SO4 --> + H2 Ni Catalyst --> + HBr --> + Br2 | Forms: Diol Alcohol (Markovnikov's addition) Alkane Haloalkane (Markovnikov's addition) Di-haloalkane (Makrovnikov's addition) |
| Haloalkanes: + Alcoholic KOH | Forms: Alkene (Saytzeff's elimination) |
| Alkanes: + steam cracking + Br2 U.V. light | Forms: Alkene Haloalkane (forms Br" radical) |
| Haloalkanes: + Alcoholic NH3 | Forms: Amine (Nucleophilic Substitution) |
| Amines: + di-amine + di-acid + acyl chloride | Forms: Artificial Polyamide (Nylon) Natural Polyamide (Protein) Secondary Amide |
| Alcohols: + Conc. H2SO4 + diols/carboxyllic acids and condensation | Forms: Alkenes (Sayteff's elimination) Polyesters |
| Secondary Alcohol: + H+/Cr2O72- and heat | Forms: Ketone (oxidation) |
| Ketones: + Na BH4 + OH- | Forms: Secondary Alcohols (reduction) |
| Sugars: Undergo fermentation to form... | Alcohols |
| Primary Alcohols: + H+/Cr2O72- and Heat | Forms: Aldehydes (oxidation) |
| Aldehydes: + Na BH4 + H+/Cr2O72- and Heat reflux | Forms: Primary alcohols (reduction) Carboxylic acids (oxidation) |
| Carboxylic acids: + Metals/carbonates/bases + Alcoholic H2SO4 +SOCl2 or PCl3 | Forms: Salts Esters (condensation) Acyl Chlorides (substitution) |
| Acyl Chlorides: + H20 (vigorous reaction) + Alcohol + Alcoholic NH3 + Amine | Forms: Carboxylis acids (substitution) Esters (condensation) Primary Amides (substitution) Secondary Amides |
| Geometrical isomers occur in _____ and are different in terms of ______. They form ____ and ____ isomers. | Occur in alkenes Different in terms of 3D shape Form cis and trans isomers |
| Structural isomers: They are the rearrangement of ___________________________________________________________________. | They are a rearrangement of the physical atoms in different places. |
| Optical isomers (enantiomers): The molecule needs a ________________ and it reflects _____________________________________________________________. | The molecule needs a chiral carbon and it reflects plane polarised light in opposite directions. |
| Markovnikov's rule: What is it? What type of reactions does it work for? What type of compounds does it not occur for? | -'The rich get richer' -Addition rections - addition of various things to the double bonds in an assymetric compound - Does not occur in symmetric compounds |
| Electrophile | Something that 'likes' electrons = is attracter to a - change |
| Nucleophile | Something that 'likes' the nucleus and is attracted to the + change |
| Saytzeff's rule: | 'The poor get poorer' Works in the opposite direction to Markovnikov's rule |
| Alkanes: Preparation Combustion Substitution Melting/boiling points | - readily ungergo both depending on )2 availability - Hydrogenation of alkenes H2/Ni catalyst + heat - Cracking to split a long chain into smaller - C1-C4 Gases - C5-C16 Liquids C17+ Solids |
| Alkenes: Combustion Preparation Melting/Boiling points | - Incomplete is more common - Cracking of alkanes (smaller ones as they don't occur naturally) - Dehydration of alcohols (Conc. H2SO4) - Elimination of halogens from haloalkanes (Aloholic OH-) - Similar to alkanes |
| Alkynes: Combustion Preparation (Acetylene = ehtyne) | - Simple ones are too reactive to be found in nature - Calcium carbride + Water - Burns with luminous/smokey flame - Burns with very hot flame (excess O2 present) |
| Alcohols: Classification and how each class reacts | Primary - oxidised to form an aldehyde then again to form carboxylic acid Secondary - Oxidised to form ketone Tertiary - no reaction |
| Alcohols: Melting/boiling points | - Higher than other hydrocarbons because of H bonding between -OH groups strengthens intermolecular forces between molecules - C1-C4 - Soluable in water (can establish H bond with neighbouring water molecule) - C1-C8 - liquids at room temp |
| Alcohols: Isomerism - what type of isomers can sometimes occur? Why? | - Optical isomers (enantiomers) can sometimes occur - The central assymetric carbon is bonded to four different groups (chiral carbon) |
| Alcohols: Preparation | - Addition of H2O using H+/H2SO4 as a catalyst (Markovnikov) - Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes using aqueous OH- - More reactive tertiary haloalkanes + water form tertiary alcohols - Reduction of aldehydes of ketones |
| Alcohols: Combustion | Burns readily with non-smokey flame to form Co2 + H2O |
| Why can't you smell Ethanol gas? | - Strong forces (Hydrogen bonds / Intermolecular forces) - Turns into gas --> looking at boiling point - When the water is boiling, ethanol boils at 20 degrees and boils off --> vapourises and can't smell it - Such low boiling point you must seperate it (reflux) |
| Primary Alcohols undergo ___________ reactions with just about any _____________________. | Undergo oxidation reactions with just about any oxidising agents. |
| Ethanol -(H+/MnO4-)-> | Ethanal -(H+/MnO4- reflux)-> Ethanoic acid Aldehyde to carboxylic acid is easily oxidised |
| What has happened if a reaction of ethanol with permanganate does not produce a carboxylic acid? | The boiling point of the aldehyde may be too high and therefore the aldehyde vapourised OR reflux is used to avoid the second reaction. |
| Secondary alcohol reaction: Propan-2-ol -(H+/MnO4-)-> | Propanone |
| Tertiary alcohols only oxidise if you ______________________ however the molecule falls apart => cannot be oxidised. | boil the heck out of them |
| Markovnikov and Saytzeff's rules produce _______ products ___% of the time and _________ products __% of the time. | Major products 70% Minor products 30% |
| Saytzeff's rule can only occur from the ___________ products of Markovnikov's rule. | Major product |
| Acyl Chlorides: Preparation What type of reactions do acyl chlorides undergo compared to carboxylic acids? | - Formed by nucleophilic substitution of carboxylic acids by PCL3, PCL5 + SOCl2. - Same reactions as carboxylic acids but because they are more reactive, they react faster and further without a catalyst. |
| Acyl chlorides: Reactions -with water - with ammonia - with amines - with alcohols | - very vigorous to form carboxylic acid and hydrogen chloride gas - readily reacts to form amide and ammonium salt - readily reacts with primary amines to form secondary amides and ammonium chloride salt - readily react to form an ester and hydrogen chloride |
| Esters: - Why are they not formed via elimination? - Preparation | - Because a double bond is not formed. - Esterfication/condensation |
| Carboxylic acid and alcohol react in equilibrium to form ___________ when ____________ is used as a catalyst and a reflux is used? | Ester H2SO4 |
| What type of smell foes an ester have and what is it commonly used in? | Fruity Artificial scents and industrial solvents |
| How are polymers formed? | Addition reaction --> double bond breaks and forms unpaired electrons |
| Hydrogen Bonding: It is the strength of _______ and ___________________ interactions between molecules. | Temporary and permanent dipole interactions |
| Hydrogen Bonding: Some compounds have ______________ forces that are much stronger than ordinary ______________ forces. | Intermolecular forces |
| How do you identify an alkene? | - K+/MnO4- will form a diol (purple to colourless) - Br2 water decolourises rapidly proving a double bond |
| How do you identify an alkyne? | Baeyer's reagent - K+/MnO4- changes from purple to brown |
| How do you identify an alcohol? | - Add a few drops of acetyl chloride to the unknown and an alcohol will produce heat/HCl gas OR a ppt. |
| How do you identify an aldehyde? | -Add benedict's solution = a red/yellow/yellow-green solution should form if aldehyde present. - Add a few drops of tollens reagent = a silver/blck ppt. should form |
| How do you identify an amine? | Add a few drops NaOH and an oily layer of the amine on top should form if present. |
| How do you identify a carboxylic acid? | Add a few drops of Ethanolic silver nitrate to produce solid silver carboxylate salt which should then redissolve in dilute nitric acid. |
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Image:
Cis_Trans (image/jpg)
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Cis-pent-e-ene Trans-pent-2-ene |
| Propanol Propan-2-ol Propan-2-ether | |
| Optical Isomerism (Enantiomers) | |
| Nucleophilic Substitution | A nucleophile replaces another one on an atom. |
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