236376
Description
Flashcards by gloriachan, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by gloriachan
about 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Gestalt's approach Features | * This argues that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts and focuses on perceptual organisation; which elements are grouped together. * Organising principles include closure, good continuation, proximity and similarity |
| Gestalt's approach Eavluation | - 2D stimuli cannot explain 3D objects in the real world situation |
| Gibson (1979) Direct Perception Approach Features | * bottom up approach * interested in how real objects in the visual field structured the optic array * invariant information (horizon ratio relation, texture gradients, motion) picked up from optic array to provide cues as to position, orientation and shape of surfaces * therefore ecological approach (perception cannot be studied in laboratory) * perception is not a product of complex cognitive analysis * features of objects directly afford their use (eg rock is to be stood on without further processing) * action is seen as the goal of perception |
| Gibson (1979) Direct Perception Approach Evaluation | - saw no role for memory in perception - prior knowledge has no role in perception - did not explain how info is picked up from environment - see action as goal and end point of perception + ecological: take into account real objects |
| Marr (1982) Information Processing Approach Features | * perception composed of a series of more and more useful information is generated at each * stages: grey level description --> primal sketch --> 2 1/2D sketch --> 3D object-centred description * early visual processing is a bottom up processing * incoming sensory information needs to be processed to produce representations for matching against stored representations |
| Marr (1982) Information Processing Theory Evaluation | + takes into account the importance of cognitive processing + this theory has been very influential and most debates relate to the details rather than the overall approach - some grouping strategies make use of 3D information |
| Gregory (1980) Constructivist Approach Features | * purpose of perception as recognition rather than action * sensory information is incomplete * people try to recognise objects by generating hypothesis and testing these hypothesis * requires top down information to fill in the gaps * prior knowledge is essential for generating hypothesis |
| Gregory (1980) Constructivist Approach Evidence | * Impoverished stimuli (Street 1931) (- prior knowledge to guide perceptual hypothesis may lead to incorrect recognition) (- cannot be generalised to normal conditions) * Visual illusions (Muller-Lyer) generated by expectations (- we still see the lines are different length even though we know they are the same) |
| Gregory (1980) Constructivist Approach Evaluation | + acknowledge the role of top down processing - evidence is questionable as poor stimulus information was used - cannot generalise to normal conditions - evidence from illusions shows perception is not influenced by conscious knowledge |
| Dual-process Approach (neuropsychological evidence) | * evidence from neuropsychology found two streams of visual pathways from retina to the cortex *Dorsal - perception for action (linked to Gibson-no link to knowledge) / damage to dorsal route: patient can describe objects but difficult to grasp them * Ventral - perception for recognition, conscious perception (linked to Marr and Constructivist) / damage to ventral route : e.g. DF could recognise visual objects/faces but could not pick up items * combining top-down and bottom-up processing * supporting perception can be for both action and recognition * Norma 2002 suggested two streams work together * Hupe et al (1998) suggested re-entrant pathways: bottom-up processing to produce low-level description which is used to generate perceptual hypothesis at higher level then re-entrant pathways assess the accuracy of hypothesis * Di Lollo et al (2000) explained visual masking effect by re-entrant processing, i.e. masking occurs due to insufficient time for re-entrant processing before the target object disappears and as the re-entrant processing from the original stimulus does not match the current mask and therefore is not perceived |
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