17025473
Description
Flashcards by Wes Smalley, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Wes Smalley
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| 3 biggest threats to biodiversity | Loss/Alteration of Habitat, Introduction of Nonnative Species, Over-harvesting |
| Diversity | The number of different species, and variation within species |
| Diversity of plants vs animals | Lower plant diversity = lower herbivore diversity. Lower herbivore diversity = lower carnivore diversity. |
| Indirect effects of plant diversity | Different plant species have different impacts on abiotic factors. Shade, soil properties, etc. |
| Succession | The change in organisms living in an area over time, after a disturbance. |
| Primary vs Secondary Succession | Primary = from bare rock Secondary = soil and some survivors remain. |
| 1st species to grow on bare rock. What do they do to pave the way for new species? | Lichens- symbioses of bacteria/algae and fungi. They start photosynthesis, and wear down rock so plants can take root after they decay. |
| Describe the timeline for different species to establish from pioneer to climax communities. | Pioneer: Bare rock, lichens, small annuals + lichens, Perennials + grasses. Intermediate: Grasses, shrubs, shade intolerant trees. Climax: Shade tolerant trees. |
| Early vs late colonizers: | Early: High dispersal, short lifespan, poor competitor. Late: Sometimes poorer dispersal, slower growing/longer lived, good competitors |
| Climax Community | System whereby current species are replaced by individuals of the same species. |
| Disturbance | An effect that sets the community to an earlier stage in succession. |
| Small Scale Disturbance | Could be small & localized (a tree falling, ect.) Allows survival and reproduction of shade intolerant species, which fill the hole in the canopy until a shade tolerant sapling outcompetes them.. |
| Large Scale Disturbance | Sudden, and effects a large area (Fires, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes) Where these occur regularly, sometimes life evolves to survive, and even depend on them (Resinous cones of jack-pine need fire, etc.) |
| What advantage is gained by waiting until after a fire to release seeds and germinate? | Fewer competitors around after a fire. |
| Species diversity maintained by | Disturbance |
| Generally shade intolerant genera: | Salix (willow), Populus (aspen/poplar), Rubus (blackberry), Juglans (walnut), Carya (hickory), Prunus (cherry) |
| Generally shade tolerant genera: | Acer (Maple), Picea (Spruce), Thuja (Hemlock), Abies (Firs) |
| How is climate change impacting the range of certain species and systems? | The plants that can are retreating North, or to higher elevations. If higher elevations aren't available, they disappear. |
| Why are shifting ranges a problem? | The whole system doesn't shift with the species. They find themselves in new systems with different competitors, predators, etc, and could disrupt the system or quickly die off. |
| Importance of Germplasm | Collection of genetic material of native species is important for conservation in the locale. |
| When buying seeds, buy local and avoid Cultivars, varieties, and "Nativars". Why? | Most have undergone artificial selection for traits preferred by horticulturists. |
| What benefit does a plant get by waiting through a cold period to germinate? | More favorable conditions for growing. |
| Which section of oaks germinate in fall, and which would you stratify (preserve) to start in spring? | Stratify the Lobatae (Red oaks), they germinate in spring. Quercus (White oaks) germinate in fall. Plant as soon as they're ripe. |
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