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| Question | Answer |
| Human-Environment | The reciprocal relationship between humans and environment. |
| Human Geography | One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes. |
| Physical Geography | One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth’s natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography. |
| Sense of Place | State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labelling a place with a certain character. |
| Anthropocentric View | A view in which human interests and perspectives are highlighted. |
| Scale | Representation of a real- world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization. In cartography, the ratio of map distance to ground distance; indicated on a map as a bar graph, representative fraction, and/or verbal statement. |
| Spatial | Pertaining to space on the Earth’s surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic. |
| Spatial Perspective | Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space. |
| Five Themes (of Geography) | The five themes derived from the spatial perspective of geography are location, region, place, landscape, and movement. |
| Location | The first theme of geography; the geographical situation of people and things. |
| Location Theory | A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. |
| Region | The second theme of geography; an area on the Earth’s surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon. |
| Formal Region | A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region. |
| Functional Region | A region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it |
| Perceptual Region | A region that exists only as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity. For example, the North or the Maritimes. |
| Place | The third theme of geography; uniqueness of a location. |
| Landscape | The fourth theme of geography; the overall appearance of an area. Most landscapes comprise a combination of natural and human- induced influences. |
| Movement | The fifth theme of geography; the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet. |
| Spatial interaction | The nature and extent of interconnections and linkages. This de- pends on the distance between places, the accessibility of places, and the transportation and communication connectivity among places. |
| Distance | Measurement of the physical space between two places. |
| Accessibility | The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations. Accessibility varies from place to place and can be measured. |
| Connectivity | The degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network. |
| Cartography | The art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns. |
| Reference Maps | Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude. |
| Absolute Location | The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0° to 90° north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0° to 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England (a suburb of London). |
| Relative Location | The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect relative location. |
| Thematic Maps | Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon. |
| Spatial Distribution | Physical location of geographic phenomena across space. |
| Pattern | The design of a spatial distribution (e.g., scattered or concentrated). |
| Mental Map | Image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual’s perception, impression, and knowledge of that space. |
| Activity Space | The space within which daily activity occurs. |
| Geomatics Technologies | Those processes and tool used in the collection and analysis of spatial data, including remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and related forms of earth mapping. |
| Remote Sensing | A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (e.g., satellites) that are physically distant from the area or object of study. |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) | A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user. |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features. |
| Geocaching | A hunt for a cache, the global positioning system (GPS) coordinates of which are placed on the Internet by other geocachers. |
| Rescale | Involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative (e.g., use of the Internet to generate interest on a national or global scale for a local position or initiative). |
| Diffusion | The spatial spreading or dissemination of a culture element (such as a technological innovation) or some other phenomenon. |
| Cultural Diffusion | The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area. |
| Cultural Barrier | Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certain innovations, ideas, or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture. |
| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination. |
| Contagious Diffusion | The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person—analogous to the communication of a contagious illness. (But it is NOT an illness) |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leapfrogging of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence. |
| Stimulus Diffusion | A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place. |
| Relocation Diffusion | Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population. |
| Environmental Determinism | The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development. |
| Possibilism | Geographic viewpoint—a response to determinism—that holds that human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. Nonetheless, possibilists view the environment as providing a set of broad constraints that limits the possibilities of human choice. |
| Regional Geography | The study of a region’s unique characteristics, including its natural and human characteristics, in order to understand how areas differ from each other. |
| Behavioural Geography | An approach that seeks to understand and model human behaviour and the decision-making processes implicated in human relationships with place. |
| Spatial Analysis | Quantitative procedures used to under- stand the spatial arrangement of phenomena and the related patterns of connections and lows. |
| Humanistic Geography | An approach that focuses on the human aspects of place, including human emotions, values, and desires. |
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