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Description
Flashcards by Yetunde Arinola Olusholabomi Olarewaju, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Yetunde Arinola Olusholabomi Olarewaju
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the 6 types of solid oral forms? | Tablets Capsules Lozenges Pastilles Powers Granules |
| What are the advantages of solid oral dosage forms ? | Convenient and Clean Light and compact Dry (stable) Accurate dosage May give controlled release Can mask taste |
| What are the disadvantages of solid oral dosage forms? | Difficult to swallow Difficult to dilute Difficult for liquid drugs |
| Define a tablet | A solid mass made by compaction of a suitably prepared medicament by means of a tablet machine |
| What are the 8 types of tablet? | Standard Soluble/ Dispersible Effervescent Chewable Buccal Sublingual Enteric Controlled Release |
| What is a diluent? | A substance used to make up a large part of the tablet |
| Describe the function of a cube mixer | Mixes ingredients together (good for powders) There are 3 rods inside, their role is to break up regular rotation flow of the powder. |
| Name 6 examples of diluent | Lactulose microcrystalline cellulose Calcium Sulphate Calcium Phosphate Starch Dextrose |
| Name 4 examples of diluents that can be used to sweeten the tablet | Sucrose Sorbitol Xylitol Mannitol |
| What are properties of a good diluent? | Inert Non-hydroscopic Cheap Good compression properties |
| Give examples of wetting agents | Water Methylcellulose Sucrose Starch paste Gelatin Gum Acia Polyvinylpyrrolidone |
| Name the steps of the preparation for making a tablet | 1. Mixing active with Diluent 2. Wet/Blend with wetting agent 3. Screening 4. Drying 5. Addition of other additives 6. Compression |
| What are the names of the blades in the blender | Sigma Blades |
| 12. What is the function of a lubricant? | To prevent the tablet from sticking to the die wall or the punches in the tablet press |
| Give examples of hydrophobic and hydrophilic lubricants. | Hydrophilic - polyethylene gylcols Hydrophobic - stearates (Mg, Ca salts from free acid) |
| What is the function of glidants? Give examples. | To promote granule flow ( prevent adhesion to punch faces) E.g. Talc + Fumed Silica |
| Describe the function of disintegrates | To promote disintegration of the tablet in the intestinal fluid and allow rapid drug release |
| What is a possible mechanism | Swelling and Elastic recovery |
| 17. How the optimum is disintegrate obtained? | This when disintegrate is both inside and outside the tablet |
| Give examples | Starch Microcrytalline cellulose Alginic acid |
| Describe the processes of compression | 1) Lower punch Fall 2) Upper punch descends 3) Upper withdrawals and th lower punch lifts up |
| What's a Hooper shoe | Sweeps away granules This ensures everything nut Slabs and break them down |
| When is pre-compression used? Describe the process | Used when Moist granulation is unsuitable ( moisture, heat, produces poor granules) Process; 1) Drug + Filler + Lubricants are compressed into slugs 2) Slugs broken down my milling and screening procedures into granules 3) Alternatively mass may be roller compacted |
| Describe direct compression | When all the ingridetns are blended together and compressed into tablets |
| When is direct compression used | 1) When a drug is manufactured with good flow properties 2) When diluents blend with the drug and produce a powder available for production |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct compression? | Advantages 1. Cuts time, Equipment and Man power Disadvantages 1. High cost 2. Poor performance on low dosage drugs |
| How can you control compression? | 1. Tablet weight adjusted by raising or lowering the punch 2. Compression force can be altered by altering the depth that upper punch travels |
| Complete sentence …’ The higher the compression force..’ | The slower the rate of dissolution of the tablet ( slower release of active ingredient) this is because tablet becomes harder. |
| 27. What is the use of eccentric press? | Small scale production Produces 1 tablet at a time 50-200 tablets/min |
| Describe rotary tablet press | A series of set punches and dies are set on a rotating table. Quality control built in |
| List the 9 problems during compression | 1) Binding of tablet in the die cavity 2) Picking and sticking tablet to surface 3) Capping and lamination of tablet |
| Why has tablet coating become popular? | 1. protects active ingredient 2. Organoleptic 3. Improves product quality 4. Aids identification 5. Protects tablet during packaging and storing 6. Prevents contamination and dust problems 7. Can control drug release. |
| What are the 3 types of tablet coating | 1. Sugar 2. Film 3. Press |
| Which coating is the most popular coating? | Film |
| What shape does a sugar coating give to a tablet? | Rounded |
| Describe the process of sugar coating | 1. Sealing tablet core with water insoluble base 2. Successive layers of filler are bound by sucrose/ gum 3. Polished with wax solution |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of sugar coating? | Advantage : appearance (rounded) Disadvantage: 1. Multistage 2. Difficult to automate 3. Not able to use control release 4. Weight increase by 30-50% 5. Indented logos not feasible |
| What does the film coating solution consist of? | Spraying 1. A polymer 2. A solvent 3. A plasticizer 4. A colurant |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of film coating. | Advantages: Opposite of sugar coting disadvantages Disadvantages: Environment Safety Solvent residues must be investigated |
| List cons with using aqueous route in film coating | Hydorlysis causes problems Heating can sometimes destroy drug Lumpy tablets can cause premature activation of disintegrant |
| Press coating is based on? | Compaction of coating around a pre-formed core Used to separate incompatible core Requires relatively complex and specialised equipment |
| Why can't enteric coating be attacked by HCL in stomach, when is there an increase in solubility? | it is not soluble at low pH |
| What do Controlled Release coatings use? | Use polymers with restricted water solubility/ permeability |
| What are the three mechanisms of CR? | Diffusion Erosion Osmotic |
| Define capsule | A capsule consists of a drug enclosed in a water soluble shell made from gelatine. |
| Why is gelatine used | 1. Non-toxic 2. Has good film forming properties 3. Changes from gel to solution @ temp above room temp |
| What are the differences in gelatine A and B? | A= acidic hydrolysis B= basic hydrolysis |
| 48. How many types of capsules are there? | Hard and Soft (2) |
| What are the properties that the material used to fill capsule have? | 1. Be filled accurately 2. Not reactive to gelatine 3. Must not leak out of shell |
| What type of fills can be used in hard capsule? | PGPTPTT |
| What is the most popular fill? | Powders |
| At properties must a powder fill have? | 1. Accurate fill 2. Must flow 3. Must not adhere to filling equipment 4. Must allow drug release |
| When are granules and pellets used? | In special sustained preparations |
| 55. When are tablets used? | To hide their appearance |
| Semi-solids made | Liquid on filling and then solidify within the capsule, this is done by: 1) Melted- thermosoftening 2) Sheared- Thiotropic |
| How are shells produced? | 1. Gelatine + water with dyes and pigmentation to add colour 2. Dipping rows of steel pins into a heated solution contained mixture and them removing pins to set and dry. The body is then cut, stripped from the pin and joined to the cap |
| Describe the basic procedure of filling | 1. Two ways to fill - Dosator & Tamping a) Two halves of capsule separated b) Excat dose is place in smaller cap (body) c) The bigger cap (top) is then locked onto the smaller half (not easy to pull apart) d) filled capsule is removed from the machine |
| Compare and contrast soft tablet and hard capsule | Draw out a table |
| When is the use of soft capsules? | permit liquids to be presented as solid dosage forms |
| What is the function of a plasticizer? | Make the capsule softer and more flexible |
| How are soft gels produced? | 1. Gelatine mixture stored in a heated hopper and the fill liquid is stored in a second hopper 2. Gelatine mixture is drawn out into two long sheets on a spreader drum, which converge on a set of die and rollers 3. As they converge, accurate dose fill liquid is placed between sheets, the gelatine is forced into the die 4. Die and roller are arranged so that when sheets fuse together, the formed capsule is cut from sheet and ejected. |
| What are the problems of soft gels? | 1. Migration of fill material through the capsule shell 2. Migration of shell contents the other way, causing instability 3. moisture in atmosphere may cause shell to soften and break. 4. Dry conditions may cause craking |
| What are the factors for choosing a tablet or capsule | 1. Company Policy 2. Competitors products 3. Equipment Available 4. Required unit dose 5. Compression characteritics 6. Stablilty |
| What is the requirements for all tablets? And how do you test it? | Uniformity of content |
| Describe lozenges | Normally intended to stay in mouth for 10-15mins Often antibacterial/ anaesthetic contain no disintegrant |
| Describe chewable tablets | Designed to be broken down rapidly in the buccal cavity by action of teeth Mannitol for cooling taste flavouring agent usually used No disintegrant No need for all the ingredients to be soluble |
| Describe dispersible tablets | D= distegrate rapidly in cold water t produce a suspension for ingeestion, in water in paramount S= formulated to dissolve in cold water, all ingredients must be highly soluble |
| Describe effervescent | Gives rapid disintegration Wet granulation can't be used Sucrose is hygroscopic - sweetener and increase stability Standard lubricants can't be used |
| Describe sublingual/ buccal | Absorbed through mucosa and passes jugular vein, bypasses liver and GIT. Tablets should not disintegrate Rapid dissolution required Unpleasant taste - need to be avoided |
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