10716783
Description
Flashcards by Savannah Duggan, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Savannah Duggan
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Principle 1: Perception | - 'Reality' is an approximation based on sensory experience, skewed by adaptivity for survival |
| Principle 2: Constant change | - Neuroplasticity: experiences alter brains organization, adjustments for learning and memory with new and changed neural connections |
| Principle 3: Contralaterality | - Each Hemisphere receives sensory stimulation from the opposite side of the body (contralateral control too) |
| Principle 4: CNS Levels | - basic animals have spinal cords (worms), then brainstems (fish), then forebrains - each additional level of the CNS adds behavioural complexity on top of the existing functions |
| Principle 5: Symmetry | - left and right hemispheres look like mirror images but have some dissimilar features: language is most on the left, spatial function is mostly on the right |
| Principle 6: Organization | - Hierarchy: light enters eye, processed for colour & shape, then identified - Parallel: vision info processed separately and concurrently to determine object vs to identify its motion - subsystems in multiple parallel pathways, but we have one unified experience |
| Principle 7: Sensory and motor | - both divisions exist throughout the nervous system - spinal nerves (dorsal vs ventral roots) - separate sensory and motor cortical areas |
| Principle 8: Sensory input | - divided into object recognition and motor control - dorsal (guides movement) & ventral (identifies objects) visual processing - animals with complex brain evolved separate systems for these two functions |
| Principle 9: Regional function | - localization and aggregation - local damage = restricted symptoms, but widespread can = total function loss - small injury could heavily impact one portion of language ability, but widespread damage required to impact all language abilities |
| Principle 10: Excitation/inhibition | - all neurons have spontaneous rate of activity that can be either increased or decreased - some neurons spread excitement, some spread inhibition |
| CNS | Central nervous system: Forebrain, Brainstem and Spinal Cord |
| PNS | -Peripheral nervous system: -Somatic: spinal and cranial nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS and instructions back out for movement -Autonomic: prepares internal organs for fight/flight & rest/digest, basic functions |
| Afferent vs Efferent | Aff = going TO the CNS Eff = going AWAY fromt he CNS |
| Autonomic Nervous System | - part of the PNS - Sympathetic: mobilization, adrenaline, fight or flight mode - Parasympathetic: conserves energy, rest and digest |
| Dermatome | area of skin connected to the CNS (afferent nerve fibers) by one spinal-cord dorsal root |
| Dorsal fibers | Afferent, from sensory receptors to CNS |
| Ventral fibers | Efferent, from spinal cord to muscles |
| Gyrus | Surface feature of brain: Small protrusion formed by folding of the cerebral cortex plural: gyri |
| Sulcus | Surface feature of brain: Groove in brain matter, usually found in neocortex or cerebellum plural: sulci |
| Fissure | Surface feature of brain: Very deep sulcus, or groove |
| Cerebral Cortex | thin sheet of nerve tissue (3-4mm thick) folded many times to fit inside the skull |
| The Lobes | -Frontal (executive function; forehead) -Parietal (perception; crown) -Temporal (memory, auditory, olfactory, taste; temples) -Occipital (visual; back) |
| Cerebrum | major structure of the forebrain 2 almost identical hemispheres (L & R) |
| Cerebellum | coordination of motor skills, balance |
| Brainstem | -Central structure: hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus) -most unconscious behaviour |
| Four ventricles | cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Gray matter | areas of nervous system mostly: cell bodies and blood vessels |
| White Matter | areas of the nervous system most rich in myelinated neural axons |
| Corpus callosum | fiber system connecting left and right hemispheres |
| Neurons | ~ 86 billion brain's major functions, computation, cmns |
| Glial cells | ~ 100 bil, aid/modulate neuron activity - Ependymal: secrete CSF - Astrocyte: transport between neurons and capillaries, blood-brain barrier Microglial- phagocytosis, scavenge debris Oligodendroglial: myelinate CNS Schwann: myelinate PNS |
| Nucleus | group of cells forming a cluster, identifiable with stains (ie golgi or nissl), functioning group of cells that often work together |
| Nerve | large collection of axons coursing together OUTSIDE the CNS |
| Tract | large collection of axons coursing together WITHIN the CNS |
| Spinal Cord | -directly generates most body movements - usually instructed by the brain but can also act on its own - spinal reflex: automatic movement, hard to prevent, knee-jerk reflex |
| Hindbrain | - part of brain stem - Integrates in/voluntary body movement -Oldest part of brain (evolutionarily) - cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, medulla |
| Reticular Formation | Reticular activating system: regulation of sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal |
| Pons | "Bridge" - connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain and controls important movements in the body |
| Medulla | controls breathing and heart rate |
| Diencephalon | hypothalamus and thalamus |
| Hypothalamus | temperature regulation, eating, drinking, sexual behaviour (homeostasis) |
| Thalamus | information form all sensory systems is integrated and projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex |
| Neocortical layers | -differ in cell types and density, differences in appearance relate to function - afferent connect to layer 4 from thalamus and layers 2 and 3 - efferent in layers 5 and 6 connect to other parts of brain |
| Basal Ganglia | control coordination and movement patterns, not muscle activation voluntary and involuntary movement |
| 10 principles of neuroscience | Perception, neuroplasticity, contralaterality, multi-level CNS, symmetry, unified experience, sensory and motor integration, localization/aggregation, dorsal/ventral, excitation/inhibition |
| Limbic System | regulates: emotional/sexual behaviour, memory, spatial navigation |
| neuron structure |
Image:
Neuron (binary/octet-stream)
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| sensory neurons | bring info to cns |
| Interneurons | associate sensory and motor activity within CNS |
| Motor Neurons | send signals from brain and spinal cord to muscles |
| Resting potential | more negative Intracellular than extracellular inside of membrane = -70 millivolts relative to the outside intra = A- and K+ extra = N+ and Cl- |
| Hyperpolarization | increase in electrical charge, more negative due to: inward flow of chloride ions or outward flow of potassium ions |
| Depolarization | Decrease in electrical charge across membrane (more positive) influx of sodium ions, open gate |
| Action Potential | sudden reverse in voltage, intracellular becomes positive relative to extracellular side due to Na+ entry, then reverses with K+ exit to return to resting potential |
| Saltatory Conduction | propagation of an action potential at successive nodes or ranvier |
| EPSP | Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential brief depolarization of a neuron, response to influx of NA+ more likely to produce action potential |
| IPSP | Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential Hyperpolarization of neuron membrane due to efflux of K+ or influx of Cl- less likely to produce action potential |
| Temporal summation | pulses that occur at the same time on a membrane are summed |
| Spatial summation | pulses that occer in the same place on a membrane are summed |
| Synapse/action potential | |
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