105950
Description
Flashcards by Alice Burke, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alice Burke
over 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Archeaeology | Arch. samples can be used to determine likely modes of human migration. These are often reexamined in the light of new data/tech. E.g microlith blades were ignored as 'just blades' for years until it was realised there were 2 very distinct types - does this suggest multiple colonisations of UK? DINNIS, 2012 |
| Isotopes & Other Analyses | Can be used to analyse what specimens have eaten and can conclude where they lived. I.e. if they're found in a certain area, this doesn't mean they lived here. Snails/seeds etc can be carried & dropped. Other analyses include Xray tech. |
| Otzi The Iceman | Found in the Alps. Analysis of his digestive system shows pollen & isotopic composition of his tooth enamel conclude where he was born/where he grew up - probably south of the Alpine Chain. Humans absorb isotopes from food which is then stored in the body. So isotopic composition can indicate geo. areas. |
| Anthropology | The science/understanding of humans. Data from primates indicate that brain size may be linked to the number of social interactions & things like problem solving. Macaques for example, live in complex social groups & have a larger brain than expected relative to body size. BALTER, 2012 |
| Social Brain Hypothesis | Human brain size is linked to the number of social interactions |
| Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis | Human brain size has evolved through the ability of problem solving. |
| Linguistics | The study of Indo-European languages indicates that they likely originated during the expansion of farming from Antolia (Turkey). This is based upon the loss/gain of homologous words & geo. info. Looking @ diversification of particular language clades & more recent divergences shows farming was not the only driving factor. |
| Molecular Markers | Molecular Markers can be used to study patterns of contemporary genetic variation. E.g. blood groups have been interpreted in terms of likely historical processes involving migration or pop. expansion. E.g the spread of farming during the Neolithic period. |
| Interactions With Other Spp | Interactions with other species can be used as an indicator for migration. E.g commensal bacteria. |
| Human Migration out of Africa | Both DNA & arch. evidence agree. Evidence from maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA supports the hypothesis that the human origin was sub-Saharan Africa & dispersal occurred within the past 100,000 years, Researchers looked @ many genomes & the small changes made in the mitochondrial DNA sequences. INGMAN ET AL, 2000 |
| Mitochondrial Genetic Markers | Passed down from mother to daughter so there is an unbroken link to our ancestral grandmothers. The male line is similar but based on the Y-chromo. It is inherited from father to son so provides an unbroken link back to ancestral grandfathers. NB autosomal DNA is inherited equally from both parents. Mitochondrial is not subject to recombination so a better marker? |
| Neanderthal & Humans - GREEN ET AL, 2010 | 1st Neanderthal genome suggests they interbred with humans 10s of 1000s of years ago. But mitochondrial evidence contradicts this. GREEN ET AL. Created a composite genome of Neanderthal. This was compared to 5 human genomes from around the world. Results showed that Euros/Asians shared 1-4% N DNA but Africans don't. Concluded that humans interbred with N after they had moved out of Africa. |
| DNA Sequencing of Entire Genomes | New DNA tech allows entire genomes to be sequenced from small artefacts. E.g fragment of a finger bone found in Denisova allowed the whole Denisovan genome to be sequenced and human similarity calculated. They showed they had interbred with humans and other hominids. MEYER ET AL, 2012 |
| Current Genetic Diversity | Can tell us about past. Analyses are based on freq. of different alleles and their likely geo. location. E.g. Y-chromo is associated with geo. location. |
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