101379
Description
Flashcards by serenacutbill, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by serenacutbill
over 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Induction - Reptiles | Conscious intubation of snake Iso via facemask/chamber i/m drugs - medetomidine & ketamine, alfaxalone i/v drugs - alfaxalone, propofol |
| Intubation - Reptiles | Rostrally positioned glottis Tortoises & lizards have large tongues Uncuffed tube, mech vent Can use iv catheters as tubes for smalls V. small lizards maintained with tight mask |
| Induction - Small Mammals | iv catheter if poss Iso by mask in small rodents Premed herbivores with metoclopramide Inj agents - med & ket +/- butorphnl, propofol, alfaxan |
| Intubation - Small Mammals | Rabbits - blind technique or direct visualisation, intubeaze, pre-O2, 3 attempts - risk laryngospasm/oedema Ferrets - direct visulation of larynx |
| Maintenance - Birds | Volatile agents Always intubate unless v short procedure Mechanically ventilate - reduces mortality Maintain temp |
| Maintenance - Birds | Air sac cannula Useful if working around head/beak Ventilates abdominal or caudal thoracic air sac Maintained in short term post op |
| Maintenance - Reptiles | Volatile agent Intubate Always mechanically ventilate Maintain temp |
| Maintenance of Small Mammals | Volatile agents Intubate if poss Close fitting mask O2 flow rate 1-3.5l/min Raise upper body |
| Maintenance - Small Mammals | Maintain body temp Bubble wrap Ensure scrub solution at body temp |
| Monitoring - Birds | Corneal reflex, resp rate & depth Heart rate – Doppler ultrasound Mechanical ventilator - Resp arrest precedes cardiac arrest Capnograph, Pulse ox Bp, body temp |
| Monitoring - Reptiles | Muscle relaxation from head to tail during induction, reverse on recovery (especially snakes) Jaw tone, toe/tail pinch Heart rate - Doppler ultrasound on thoracic girdle Capnography, body temp |
| Monitoring - Small Mammals | Withdrawal reflex - toe pinch Palpebral reflex = misleading Heart rate - doppler/stethoscope Pulse ox, capnography Bp |
| Emergency Drugs Cardiac Arrest: | Adrenaline - i/v, intratracheal, intracardiac Cardiac massage |
| Emergency Drugs Bradycardia: | Atropine: i/v, some rabbits have atropinesterase, i/m as premed to reduce mucus production |
| Emergency Drugs Respiratory Arrest: | Stop volatile agents Check ET tube position Ventilate Doxapram |
| Recovery - Birds | Warmth Support in sternal - towel in donut shape O2 if needed Fluid therapy Analgesia |
| Recovery - Reptiles | SLOW!!! Ventilate with room air - ambu-bag Maintain at optimal temp for species Fluids Analgesia |
| Recovery - Small Mammals | Reverse alpha-2 agonists - atipamezole Warmth - propagator ideal Fluids O2 if needed Analgesia Gut motility drugs if needed |
| Post-Operative Care | Analgesia Wound care Ongoing fluids/nutritional support Monitor bw at least once daily Return to normal function |
| Nutritional Support - Birds | Crop tubing Self feeding - usual recognised diet |
| Nutritional Support - Reptiles | Herbivore/Carnivore? Omnivore Insectivore Gavage tube Oesophagostomy tube |
| Nutritional Support - Herbivores | Regular feeding, maintain gut function, rabbits prone to hepatic lipidosis Gut stasis tx - force feeding, analgesia, prokinetics (metoclop, ranitidine, cisapride), exercise |
| Nutritional Support - Small Carnivores | Oxbow Carnivore Support Hills a/d or convalescence support Ferrets prone to GI ulceration when stressed Ferrets also get insulinomas - prone to hypoglycaemia |
| Clinical Audit | What went wrong? What went right? How/What can we improve next time? |
| Patient Assessment | Initially assess from distance Clinical history Signs of illness? - prey species Immediate O2 or further exam |
| Restraint - Birds | Darkened room Wrap in towel to secure wings Pillowcase can be useful - swans Avoid pressure over thorax Care re talons & beak |
| Restraint - Reptiles | Zoonotic disease risk - salmonella Bite/constrict/whip tails Multiple operators for large animals Some species can shed tails |
| Vasovagal reflex in Lizards | Restraint for minor procedures - b/s, xrays No analgesia! Cotton wool over eyes Apply firm, even pressure using vetwrap |
| Restraint - Small Mammals Hazards: | Rabbits - lumbar spine trauma (Ca deficit) Chinchillas - fur slip Gerbil - tail deglovning injuries Hedgehogs - shallow water bath, hold back legs once uncurled |
| Patient Prep/Stabilisation | Warmth, O2, Fluids, Analgesia, Nutritional support |
| WEIGH PATIENT | Small grams out with make huge difference - overdose |
| Fluid Therapy - Birds | Maintenance = 50-100ml/kg/day Assume 10% dehydrated Replace 50% deficit in first 24hours Remainder over 2-3days Oral fluids - crop tube, Vetark critical care, Lectade, 3-5% bw per feed |
| Parental fluids - Birds | Lactated Ringers/Glucose saline Colloids if needed s/c - inguinal or between scapulae, +/- hyaluronidase, 1% bw per site i/v - medial tarsal vein, basilic, cutaneous ulna vein |
| Intraosseous Fluids - Birds | Avoid pneumatised bones & air sacs in proximal humerus Distal ulna Proximal tibia |
| Fluid Therapy - Reptiles | Maintenance = 10-30mls/kg/day Warm baths - encourages drinking, water absorption via cloaca Oral fluids - gavage tube, Vetark critical care, Lizards=10-20ml/kg, Snakes=15-30ml/kg, Chelonians=5-15ml/kg |
| Parental Fluids - Reptiles | Hypotonic (saline + 5% dextrose) s/c or epicoelomic - 10/kg over several sites Intracoelomic - air sacs, 1-2% bw/day i/v - jugular, ventral tail vein Intraosseous - prox femur, plastrocarapacial bridge (chelonians) |
| Parental Fluids - Reptiles | Hypotonic (saline + 5% dextrose) s/c or epicoelomic - 10/kg over several sites Intracoelomic - air sacs, 1-2% bw/day i/v - jugular, ventral tail vein Intraosseous - prox femur, plastrocarapacial bridge (chelonians) |
| Fluid Therapy - Small Mammals | Maintenance = 80-120ml/kg/day Assume 10% dehydrated if sick Replace 50% of deficit in 12hours, remainder over 2-3days +maint Oral - water, lectade, vetark cc, rabbits/large rodents=10ml/kg, smaller=5-10ml/kg |
| Parental Fluids - Small Mammals | s/c - painful, scruff/scapulae, flanks/over thoracic wall, 10ml/kg Intraperitoneal - lower lateral abdo iv - EMLA, cephalic, saphenous, marginal ear vein, lateral tail vein Intraosseous - prox femur/tibial crest |
| PreAna Considerations - Birds | Complete tracheal rings No diaphragm - rely on keel movement Air sac system Dive reflex in waterfowl High metabolic rate Do not starve for long period - remove food 1h before GA, starve raptors O/N |
| PreANA Considerations - Reptiles | No diaphragm, Use short ET tube in Chelonians Low metabolic rate, capable of breath holding - mech vent, Stimulus for breathing is high CO2 Environmentall dependent (temp affects drug efficacy) Starve for 24h if fed live prey, snakes-2-3days |
| PreANA Considerations - Small Mammals | Rabbits/rodents can't vomit - starve 1h Rabbits/rodents = obligate nasal breathers - avoid blocking nares Ferrets can V+ so starve for 4h - insulinoma Herbivores - heavy abdominal contents High metabolic rate, Prone to hypothermia |
| Induction - Birds | Close fitting mask - modified with vetwrap Pre-O2 5% iso/8% sevo Ayre's T-piece O2 flow rate = 1-1.5l/min |
| Intubation - Birds | Intubate as soon as possible with uncuffed tube Cook tubes have ‘shoulders’ to sit snugly around glottis Blue and gold macaws - prone to tracheal stricture |
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