Infant Perceptual Development

Question 1 of 80

1

Empiricists saw newborns as:

Select one of the following:

Tabula rasa
Innately born with traits and characteristics
Shaped by their parents' traits and characteristics
Yet to be shaped by the social environment that they would live in

Explanation

Question 2 of 80

1

Empiricists believe that children learn their behaviours, traits and characteristics, and don't inherit them. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 3 of 80

1

Nativists saw newborns as:

Select one of the following:

Tabula rasa
Innately born with traits and characteristics
Yet to be shaped by the social environment in which they will live
Born with the traits and characteristics from their parents

Explanation

Question 4 of 80

1

For infant children in their early perceptual development, sensation is:

Select one of the following:

Exploring themselves and their environment with their senses
Exploring their own emotions and sensations from what they feel
Understanding how objects exist and the sensations that they get from interacting with them
All of the above
None of the above

Explanation

Question 5 of 80

1

For infant children in their perceptual development, perception is:

Select one of the following:

Interpretation through their brain's sensory input
What they see and can do with themselves to interact with it
Understanding the world that they inhabit

Explanation

Question 6 of 80

1

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for an infant's sensory processing?

Select one of the following:

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Explanation

Question 7 of 80

1

When are infants' vision the least developed?

Select one of the following:

At birth
At 2 months old
At 6 months old
At 12 months old
At 18 months old

Explanation

Question 8 of 80

1

According to Fantz (1961) infants prefer:

Select one of the following:

Patterned shapes
Unpatterned shapes
Both
Neither

Explanation

Question 9 of 80

1

According to Fantz, infants prefer:

Select one of the following:

Symmetrical lines
Assymetrical lines

Explanation

Question 10 of 80

1

According to Fantz (1961), infants prefer:

Select one of the following:

Curved lines
Straight lines
Both
Neither

Explanation

Question 11 of 80

1

Neonates can differentiate between different types of patterns. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 12 of 80

1

Habituation is when an infant stares at an object for a period of time. When they are bored, they look away. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 13 of 80

1

How long does it take for newborns to habituate to new stimuli?

Select one of the following:

Less than a minute
Between one and two minutes
Two minutes
Several minutes

Explanation

Question 14 of 80

1

When infants reach around 4 or 5 months, their information processing reduces by how much?

Select one of the following:

10 seconds
20 seconds
30 seconds
1 minute
2 minutes

Explanation

Question 15 of 80

1

Why do newborns take longer, at 2 months old, to habituate?

Select one of the following:

Because they are cognitively slower than they have ever been
Because they are more easily distracted
Because there is less novelty about the stimuli that they are presented with
Their visual processing has improved significantly and there is more information to process

Explanation

Question 16 of 80

1

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

In operant conditioning, reinforcement ( increases the chances of, decreases the chances of ) behavioural recurrence. Punishment ( reduces the chances of, improves the chances of ) behavioural recurrence.

Explanation

Question 17 of 80

1

Rovee-Collier (1999) attached a mobile ribbon to a 3-month old baby's ankle during her research experiment. The baby quickly found out that by repeatedly kicking, the mobile would move.

What does this say about operant conditioning?

Select one of the following:

Infants understand operant conditioning before they are 6 months old. By kicking, it shows that, in context-dependent situations, they can perform behaviours relative to previous events
Her findings were inconclusive as they were too often found to be shown in some infants, but not in others
Infants still need a few more months before they can understand behaviours related to operant conditioning. Even when the baby kicked the first time, it didn't necessarily correlate to activating the mobile, context-dependent or otherwise
None of the above

Explanation

Question 18 of 80

1

Rovee-Collier's (1999) research showed that:

Select one of the following:

Babies can learn through their own behaviour quickly the consequences of their actions
Some babies can learn through their own behaviour quickly the consequences of their actions
Very few babies can obtain the understanding of operant conditioning as quickly as others, takes a longer time
She didn't find anything significant

Explanation

Question 19 of 80

1

Which of the following areas of the eyes in babies is the least developed as they grow?

Select one of the following:

Fovea
Cone cells
Retina
Optic nerve
All of the above

Explanation

Question 20 of 80

1

At what point do infants obtain vision comparable to adults?

Select one of the following:

Before 6 months old
Before 12 months old
At 2 years old
At 3 years old

Explanation

Question 21 of 80

1

In pattern perception, infants only a few weeks old:

Select one of the following:

Focus on single, high contrast patterns and features
Focus on many, high contrast patterns and features
Focus on single, low contrast patterns and features
Focus on many, low contrast patterns and features

Explanation

Question 22 of 80

1

A baby would be able to recognise their mother in their second day of life. However, would they be able to if her face was partially occluded?

Select one of the following:

Yes
No

Explanation

Question 23 of 80

1

In facial recognition, one-month old infants will naturally focus on:

Select one of the following:

Facial edges (e.g. hair, chin)
Distinctive features (e.g. scars, blemishes)
All natural facial features

Explanation

Question 24 of 80

1

In facial recognition, two-month-old infants will have had better contrast sensitivity and ocular-motor control. This means that they now focus on:

Select one of the following:

The facial edges (e.g. hair, chin)
Distinctive features (e.g. scars, blemishes)
All parts of the face, particularly eyes and mouth

Explanation

Question 25 of 80

1

At 3 weeks old, an infant's pattern perception:

Select one of the following:

Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefer large, simple patterns
Can detect detail in complex patterns and their internal features
Can detect patterns, even if boundaries are not present
Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing

Explanation

Question 26 of 80

1

At 2 months old, an infant's pattern perception:

Select one of the following:

Has poor contrast sensitivity, and prefers large simple patterns
Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan their internal features
Can detect boundaries in patterns, even if they are not really present
Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing

Explanation

Question 27 of 80

1

At 4 months old, an infant's pattern perception:

Select one of the following:

Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefers large, simple patterns
Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan them for internal features
Can detect pattern boundaries, even if they are not really present
Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing

Explanation

Question 28 of 80

1

At 12 months old, an infant's pattern perception

Select one of the following:

Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefers large, simple patterns
Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan them for internal features
Can detect patterns even if the boundaries are not really present
Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing

Explanation

Question 29 of 80

1

A baby is presented with a standard, natural face, and a jumbled face. When the faces are moved across their visual fields, which do they follow longer?

Select one of the following:

The normal face
The jumbled face

Explanation

Question 30 of 80

1

Why, according to Morton and Johnson, might a baby follow a normal face for longer than one that is jumbled?

Select one of the following:

They prefer, attentionally, those that are the same as them (evolutionary perspective)
They have been habituated to the stimuli for longer
They are just looking and not really paying too much attention
They want to know what happens next

Explanation

Question 31 of 80

1

According to Farroni, Menon and Johnson (2006), what types of faces do babies prefer?

Select one of the following:

Faces with a direct gaze, upside-down
Faces with a direct gaze, the right way up
Faces looking away, upside down
Faces looking away, the right way up

Explanation

Question 32 of 80

1

When presented with a visual cliff, would 6-month-old babies crawl to their mothers?

Select one of the following:

Yes
No

Explanation

Question 33 of 80

1

For depth perception, one-month-old babies show sensitivity to:

Select one of the following:

Kinetic cues
Binocular cues
Pictorial cues, wariness of height

Explanation

Question 34 of 80

1

For depth perception, two to three-month-old babies show sensitivity to:

Select one of the following:

Kinetic cues
Binocular cues
Pictorial cues, wariness of height

Explanation

Question 35 of 80

1

For depth perception, five to 12-month-old babies show sensitivity to:

Select one of the following:

Kinetic cues
Binocular cues
Pictorial cues, wariness of height

Explanation

Question 36 of 80

1

Size constancy is:

Select one of the following:

Perception of a true object's size
Perception of your own true size
Perception of the environment around you and its size at any time

Explanation

Question 37 of 80

1

Shape constancy is:

Select one of the following:

Perception of an object's true shape
Perception of your own true shape
Perception of the shape of the environment

Explanation

Question 38 of 80

1

Slater (2001) found that newborns have an early understanding of size constancy. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 39 of 80

1

At what point do human children stop being at risk of the adverse effects of visual deprivation?

Select one of the following:

2-4 years old
3-5 years old
4-6 years old
5-7 years old
7 years old and above

Explanation

Question 40 of 80

1

Is visual perception in 1-month-old kittens permanent when deprived of light for only a few days? (Crair, Gillespie & Stryker, 1998)

Select one of the following:

Yes
No

Explanation

Question 41 of 80

1

If visual deprivation in newborn children is left untreated for the first 6 months of life, the effects are permanent. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 42 of 80

1

When does the critical period of binocular functioning begin for newborns and peak?

Select one of the following:

3 months - 1-2 years
5 months - 1-2 years
6 months - 1-2 years
Never

Explanation

Question 43 of 80

1

In terms of perceptual vision, newborns:

Select one of the following:

Can see clearly close-up and across wide ranges
Cannot see clearly, but can across wide ranges
Can see clearly close-up, but not across wide ranges
Cannot see clearly or across wide ranges

Explanation

Question 44 of 80

1

Is infant memory for operant responses context-dependent?

Select one of the following:

Yes
No

Explanation

Question 45 of 80

1

Habituation refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation. Recovery refers to:

Select one of the following:

Even greater reductions in the strength of a response
New stimuli (eg, a change in environment) causing for habituated responses to return at a high level

Explanation

Question 46 of 80

1

Is infant learning, when assessed through habituation, context-dependent?

Select one of the following:

Yes
No

Explanation

Question 47 of 80

1

According to research (Bartocci, et al., 2006; Slater, et al., 2010), do preterm and male babies show intense or relaxed activation of sensorimotor areas in the cerebral cortex?

Select one of the following:

Intense
Reduced

Explanation

Question 48 of 80

1

According to research (Axelin, Salanterä & Lehtonen, 2006; Gormaly, et al., 2001), physical touch releases what painkilling chemicals in the brain?

Select one of the following:

Endorphins
Dopamine
Serotonin
ACh
ATP

Explanation

Question 49 of 80

1

Allowing a baby to endure severe pain ________ the nervous system with stress hormones, which can disrupt a child's capacity to handle common everyday stressors (eg, sleep disturbances, feeding problems, difficulty calming down) (Mitchell & Boss, 2002).

Select one of the following:

Overwhelms
Underwhelms

Explanation

Question 50 of 80

1

An adult's soft caresses induces infants to be _____ attentive towards an adult's face (Stack & Muir, 1992).

Select one of the following:

more
less

Explanation

Question 51 of 80

1

Can babies readily learn to have positive responses to tastes that were previously neutral or negative (eg, bitter-tasting formula substitute to cow's milk that they are allergic to)?

Select one of the following:

Yes
No

Explanation

Question 52 of 80

1

Babies show early improvements in vision during their development stages. At 2 months old, they achieve ❌. At 6 months old they gain ❌. Then, at 6 or 7 months old, they obtain ❌.

Select option below to complete the highlighted text

focus and colour vision

motion

stereopsis

acuity, scanning, and tracking

motion parallax

binocular disparity

depth perception

accommodation

paralysis

Explanation

Question 53 of 80

1

There is a development of visual acuity in infants. At ❌, they can detect the contrast in Mickey Mouse's ear. At ❌, they have 20:80 visual acuity. At ❌, they develop full vision.

Select option below to complete the highlighted text

3 months old

2 months old

1 month old

6 months old

5 months old

4 months old

3 years old

2 years old

4 years old

Explanation

Question 54 of 80

1

As babies grow, cone cells in the retina:

Select one of the following:

Elongate
Shrink

Explanation

Question 55 of 80

1

At ❌, babies have poor contrast sensitivity and prefer large, simple patterns. At ❌, they can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan for internal features of patterns. At ❌, they can detect patterns that may not really be there. And at ❌, they can detect objects even when two-thirds of the image are missing.

Select option below to complete the highlighted text

3 weeks old

2 weeks old

A week old

2 months old

A month old

3 months old

4 months old

5 months old

6 months old

12 months old

18 months old

24 months old

Explanation

Question 56 of 80

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

At birth, babies are sensitive to cues. Between 2 and 3 months old, they become sensitive to cues. Finally, as they reach a year old (5 - 12 months), they become sensitive to cues.

Explanation

Question 57 of 80

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

There are three cues that babies attend to in their depth perception development. The first is . The second is . The third are .

Explanation

Question 58 of 80

1

In the first cue that babies begin to attend, at what point do they understand that 3D objects are not flat?

Select one of the following:

A month old
2 months old
3 months old

Explanation

Question 59 of 80

1

According to Campos (et al., 2000), are infants more or less likely to refuse to cross the deep side of a visual cliff?

Select one of the following:

More likely to refuse
Less likely to refuse

Explanation

Question 60 of 80

1

According to research (Bai & Bertenthal, 1992; Campos, et al., 2000), who is better at remembering object locations and finding hidden objects?

Select one of the following:

Seasoned crawlers
Inexperienced crawlers

Explanation

Question 61 of 80

1

According to Bell and Fox (1996), does crawling promote a new level of brain organisation, as indicated by more organised EEG brainwave activity in the cerebral cortex?

Select one of the following:

Yes, it does
No, it does not

Explanation

Question 62 of 80

1

According to Banks and Ginsburg (1985), contrast refers to:

Select one of the following:

The difference in the amounts of light between adjacent regions in a pattern
The similarities of light between adjacent regions in a pattern

Explanation

Question 63 of 80

1

Hatton (et al., 1997) observed infants with visual acuity issues (eg, 20/800) throughout their preschool years. They found that the infants:

Select one of the following:

Were far behind their peers in all areas of their development
Were much further behind their peers in only perceptual development, but fine everywhere else

Explanation

Question 64 of 80

1

Research has found infants who have severe visual impairments also struggle with motor exploration and spatial understanding (Levtzion-Korach, et al., 2000). What do they have to rely on?

Select one of the following:

Sound
Parents
Friends

Explanation

Question 65 of 80

1

Has research (eg, Preisler, 1991; Bigelow, 2003) found that infants who see poorly also struggle with caregiver interaction? Do they have difficulties reciprocating interactions?

Select one of the following:

Yes, they do
No, they do not

Explanation

Question 66 of 80

1

Some have asserted that infant facial perception is due to a built-in capacity to orient towards members of one's own species (Johnson, 2001; Slater & Quinn, 2001). However, others suggest that this is because:

Select one of the following:

They prefer any stimulus in the periphery of their visual field (Cassia, Turati & Simon, 2004)
They are socially conditioned to believe that this is what they need to be observing (Jones, et al., 1996)

Explanation

Question 67 of 80

1

When a baby is 2 months old, they can scan an entire stimulus and combine pattern elements into an organised whole. Because of this, can they recognise (and do they prefer) their mother's face to another woman's, according to Bartrip, Morton, and De Schonen (2001)?

Select one of the following:

Yes, they do
No, they do not

Explanation

Question 68 of 80

1

Do babies prefer their own race according to research (eg, Bar-Haim, et al., 2006; Kelley, et al., 2007)?

Select one of the following:

Yes
No

Explanation

Question 69 of 80

1

Can own-race preferences be erased according to Sangrigoli (et al., 2005)?

Select one of the following:

Yes, they can
No, they cannot

Explanation

Question 70 of 80

1

At first, do infants rely heavily on motion and spatial arrangement to identify objects, according to Jusczyk (et al., 1999) and Spelke and Hermer (1996)?

Select one of the following:

Yes
No

Explanation

Question 71 of 80

1

"As infants become more familiar with many objects and can integrate each object's diverse features into a unified whole, they rely more on shape, colour, and pattern and less on motion (Slater, et al., 2010)" (Berk, 2012, pp. 165). Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

It's true
It's false

Explanation

Question 72 of 80

1

According to Johnson and Shuwairi (2009) does experience enhance a young infant's predictive eye tracking?

Select one of the following:

Yes, it does
No, it does not

Explanation

Question 73 of 80

1

Novelty prefernece refers to:

Select one of the following:

The tendency to prefer paying attention to new objects or people that have never been seen before
The tendency to prefer paying attention to old objects that have been previously used

Explanation

Question 74 of 80

1

According to Berk (2012), do infants from 4 to 11 months increasingly rely on featural information to detect the identity of an object?

Select one of the following:

Yes, they do
No, they do not

Explanation

Question 75 of 80

1

At first, do infants attend to form (eg, size and shape) and then surface features (eg, pattern, colour) according to Woods and Wilcox (2009)?

Select one of the following:

Yes, they do
No, they do not

Explanation

Question 76 of 80

1

According to Berk (2012), intermodal perception is:

Select one of the following:

Understanding our senses and perceiving them as a whole
Understanding our senses, and perceiving them as separate and individual

Explanation

Question 77 of 80

1

According to Berk (2012), amodal sensory properties are:

Select one of the following:

Information that is not specific to a single modality, but overlaps with others
Information that is specific to single modality

Explanation

Question 78 of 80

1

Newborns can recognise visual objects and distinguish them from others (Sann & Streri, 2007). However, do they only require on exposure to learn the association between the sight and sound of a toy, according to Morrongiello, Fenwick, and Chance (1998)?

Select one of the following:

Yes, they do
No, they need more

Explanation

Question 79 of 80

1

Infant Perceptual Development

Question 1 of 80

Empiricists saw newborns as:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 80

Empiricists believe that children learn their behaviours, traits and characteristics, and don't inherit them. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 80

Nativists saw newborns as:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 80

For infant children in their early perceptual development, sensation is:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 80

For infant children in their perceptual development, perception is:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 80

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for an infant's sensory processing?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 80

When are infants' vision the least developed?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 80

According to Fantz (1961) infants prefer:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 80

According to Fantz, infants prefer:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 80

According to Fantz (1961), infants prefer:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 80

Neonates can differentiate between different types of patterns. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 80

Habituation is when an infant stares at an object for a period of time. When they are bored, they look away. Is this true or false?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 80

How long does it take for newborns to habituate to new stimuli?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 80

When infants reach around 4 or 5 months, their information processing reduces by how much?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 80

Why do newborns take longer, at 2 months old, to habituate?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 80

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

In operant conditioning, reinforcement increases the chances of decreases the chances of( increases the chances of, decreases the chances of ) behavioural recurrence. Punishment reduces the chances of improves the chances of( reduces the chances of, improves the chances of ) behavioural recurrence.

Explanation

Question 17 of 80

Rovee-Collier (1999) attached a mobile ribbon to a 3-month old baby's ankle during her research experiment. The baby quickly found out that by repeatedly kicking, the mobile would move. What does this say about operant conditioning?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 18 of 80

Rovee-Collier's (1999) research showed that:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 80

Which of the following areas of the eyes in babies is the least developed as they grow?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 80

At what point do infants obtain vision comparable to adults?

Select one of the following:

In operant conditioning, reinforcement ( increases the chances of, decreases the chances of ) behavioural recurrence. Punishment ( reduces the chances of, improves the chances of ) behavioural recurrence.

Rovee-Collier (1999) attached a mobile ribbon to a 3-month old baby's ankle during her research experiment. The baby quickly found out that by repeatedly kicking, the mobile would move.

What does this say about operant conditioning?